Created Equal, A History of the United States (Heftet (myke permer))

Jacqueline Jones was born in Christiana, Delaware, a small town of 400 people in the northern part of the state. The local public school was desegregated in 1955, when she was a third grader. That event, combined with the peculiar social etiquette of relations between blacks and whites in the town, sparked her interest in American history. She attended the University of Delaware in nearby Newark and went on to graduate study at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, where she received her Ph.D. in history. Her scholarly interests have evolved over time, focusing on American labor and women's, African American, and southern history. She teaches American history at Brandeis University, where she is Harry S. Truman Professor. In 1999, she received a MacArthur Fellowship. Dr. Jones is the author of several books, including Soldiers of Light and Love: Northern Teachers and Georgia Blacks (1980); Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and Family Since Slavery (1985), which won the Bancroft Prize and was a finalist for a Pulitzer Prize; The Dispossessed: America's Underclasses Since the Civil War (1992); and American Work: Four Centuries of Black and White Labor (1998). In 2001, she published a memoir that recounts her childhood in Christiana: Creek Walking: Growing Up in Delaware in the 1950s. She recently completed a book titled Savannah's Civil War, which spans the period 1854 to 1872 and chronicles the strenuous but largely thwarted efforts of black people in lowcountry Georgia to achieve economic opportunity and full citizenship rights during and after the Civil War. Peter H. Wood was born in St. Louis (before the famous arch was built). He recalls seeing Jackie Robinson play against the Cardinals, visiting the courthouse where the Dred Scott case originated, and traveling up the Mississippi to Hannibal, birthplace of Mark Twain. Summer work on the northern Great Lakes aroused his interest in Native American cultures, past and present. He studied at Harvard (B.A., 1964; Ph.D., 1972) and at Oxford, where he was a Rhodes Scholar (1964-1966). His pioneering book Black Majority (1974), concerning slavery in colonial South Carolina, won the Beveridge Prize of the American Historical Association. Since 1975, he has taught early American history and Native American history at Duke University. The topics of his articles range from the French explorer LaSalle to Gerald Ford's pardon of Richard Nixon. He has written a short overview of early African Americans, entitled Strange New Land, and he has appeared in several related films on PBS. He has published two books about the famous American painter Winslow Homer and coedited Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast (revised, 2007). His demographic essay in that volume provided the first clear picture of population change in the eighteenth-century South. Dr. Wood has served on the boards of the Highlander Center, Harvard University, Houston's Rothko Chapel, and the Institute of Early American History and Culture in Williamsburg. He is married to colonial historian Elizabeth Fenn. His varied interests include archaeology, documentary film, and growing gourds. He keeps a baseball bat used by Ted Williams beside his desk. Thomas ("Tim") Borstelmann, the son of a university psychologist, grew up in North Carolina as the youngest child in a family deeply interested in history. His formal education came at Durham Academy, Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire, Stanford University (A.B., 1980), and Duke University (Ph.D., 1990). Informally, he was educated on the basketball courts of the South, the rocky shores of new England, the streets of Dublin, Ireland, the museums of Florence, Italy, and the high-country trails of the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains. He taught history at Cornell University from 1991 to 2003, when he moved to the University of Nebraska-Lincoln to become the first E. N. and Katherine Thompson Distinguished Professor of Modern World History. Since 1988 he has been married to Lynn Borstelmann, a nurse and hospital administrator, and his highest priority for almost two decades has been serving as the primary parent for their two sons. He is an avid cyclist, runner, swimmer, and skier. Dr. Borstelmann's first book, Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle: The United States and Southern Africa in the Early Cold Ward (1993), won the Stuart L. Bernath Book Prize of the Society for Historians of Foreign Relations. His second book, The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena, appeared in 2001. At Cornell he won a major teaching award, the Robert and Helen Appel Fellowship. He is currently working on a book about the United States and the world in the 1970s. Elaine Tyler May grew up in the shadow of Hollywood, performing in neighborhood circuses with her friends. Her passion for American history developed in college when she spent her junior year in Japan. The year was 1968. The Vietnam War was raging, along with turmoil at home. As an American in Asia, often called on to explain her nation's actions, she yearned for a deeper understanding of America's past and its place in the world. She returned home to study history at UCLA, where she earned her B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. She has taught at Princeton and Harvard Universities and since 1978 at the University of Minnesota, where she was recently named Regents professor. She has written four books examining the relationship between politics, public policy, and private life. Her widely acclaimed Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era was the first study to link the baby boom and suburbia to the politics of the Cold War. The Chronicle of Higher Education featuredBarren in the Promis4ed Land: Childless Americans and the Pursuit of Happiness as a pioneering study of the history of reproduction. Lingua Franca named her coedited volume Here, there, and Everywhere: The Foreign Politics of American Popular Culture a "Breakthrough Book." Dr. May served as president of the American Studies Association in 1996 and as Distinguished Fulbright Professor of American History in Dublin, Ireland, in 1997. In 2007 she became president-elect of the Organization of American Historians. She is married to historian Lary May and has three children, who have inherited their parents' passion for history. Vicki L. Ruiz is a professor of history and Chicano/Latino studies and interim Dean for the School of Humanities at the university of California, Irvine. For her, history remains a grand adventure, one that she began at the kitchen table, listening to the stories of her mother and grandmother, and continued with the help of the local bookmobile. She read constantly as she sat on the dock, catching small fish ("grunts") to be used as bait on her father's fishing boat. As she grew older, she was promoted to working with her mother, selling tickets for the Blue Sea II. The first in her family to receive an advanced degree, she graduated from Gulf Coast Community College and Florida State University, then went on to earn a Ph.D. in history at Stanford in 1982. She is the author of Cannery Women, Cannery Lives and From Out of the Shadows: Mexican Women in 20th-Century America (named a Choice Outstanding Academic Book of 1998 by the American Library Association). She and Virginia Sanchez Korrol have coedited Latinas in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia (named a 2007 Best in Reference work by the New York Public Library). Active in student mentorship projects, summer institutes for teachers, and public humanities programs, Dr. Ruiz served as an appointee to the National Council of the Humanities. In 2006 she became and elected fellow of the Society of American Historians. She is the past president of the Organization of American Historians and the Berkshire Conference on the History of Women and currently serves and president of the American Studies Association. The mother of two grown sons, she is married to Victor Becerra, urban planner, community activist, and gourmet cook extraordinaire.

With its sweeping, inclusive view of American history, Created Equal emphasizes social history--including the lives and labors of women, immigrants, working people, and minorities in all regions of the country--while delivering the familiar chronology of political and economic history. By integrating the stories of a variety of groups and individuals into the historical narrative, Created Equal helps connect the nation's past with the student's present. Created Equal explores an expanding notion of equality and American identity---one that encompasses the stories of diverse groups of people, territorial growth and expansion, the rise of the middle class, technological innovation and economic development, and engagement with other nations and peoples of the world.

With its sweeping, inclusive view of American history, Created Equal emphasizes social history--including the lives and labors of women, immigrants, working people, and minorities in all regions of the country--while delivering the familiar chronology of political and economic history. By integrating the stories of a variety of groups and individuals into the historical narrative, Created Equal helps connect the nation's past with the student's present. Created Equal explores an expanding notion of equality and American identity---one that encompasses the stories of diverse groups of people, territorial growth and expansion, the rise of the middle class, technological innovation and economic development, and engagement with other nations and peoples of the world.

Detailed Contents Maps Figures and Tables Features Preface Supplements Meet the Authors A Conversation with the Authors Acknowledgments Part One. North American Founders 1. First Founders Ancient America The Question of Origins The Archaic World The Rise of Maize Agriculture A Thousand Years of Change: 500 to 1500 Valleys of the Sun: The Mesoamerican Empires The Anasazi: Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde The Mississippians: Cahokia and Moundville Linking the Continents Oceanic Travel: The Norse and the Chinese Portugal and the Beginnings of Globalization Looking for the Indies: Da Gama and Columbus In the Wake of Columbus: Competition and Exchange Spain Enters the Americas The Devastation of the Indies The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Magellan and Cortes Prompt New Searches Three New Views of North America The Protestant Reformation Plays Out in America Reformation and Counter-Reformation in Europe Competing Powers Lay Claim to Florida The Background of English Expansion Lost Colony: The Roanoke Experience Conclusion Envisioning History The World as a Clover: Mapping for Art, Religion, or Science The Wider World The Lateen Rig: A Triangular Sail That Helped to Conquer Oceans Interpreting History "These Gods That We Worship Give Us Everything We Need" 2. European Footholds in North America, 1600--1660 Spain's Ocean-Spanning Reach Vizcaino in California and Japan Onate Creates a Spanish Foothold in the Southwest New Mexico Survives: New Flocks Among Old Pueblos Conversion and Rebellion in Spanish Florida France and Holland: Overseas Competition for Spain The Founding of New France Competing for the Beaver Trade A Dutch Colony on the Hudson River "All Sorts of Nationalities": Diverse New Amsterdam English Beginnings on the Atlantic Coast The Virginia Company and Jamestown "Starving Time" and Seeds of Representative Government Launching the Plymouth Colony The Puritan Experiment Formation of the Massachusetts Bay Company "We Shall Be as a City upon a Hill" Dissenters: Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson Expansion and Violence: The Pequot War The Chesapeake Bay Colonies The Demise of the Virginia Company Maryland: The Catholic Refuge The Dwellings of English Newcomers The Lure of Tobacco Conclusion Envisioning History A Roof Overhead: Early Chesapeake Housing The Wider World Freedom of the Seas: Grotius and Maritime Law Interpreting History Anne Bradstreet: "The Tenth Muse, Lately Sprung Up in America" 3. Controlling the Edges of the Continent, 1660--1715 France and the American Interior The Rise of the Sun King Exploring the Mississippi Valley King William's War in the Northeast Founding the Louisiana Colony The Spanish Empire on the Defensive The Pueblo Revolt in New Mexico Navajo and Spanish on the Southwestern Frontier Borderland Conflict in Texas and Florida England's American Empire Takes Shape Monarchy Restored and Navigation Controlled Fierce Anglo-Dutch Competition The New Restoration Colonies The Contrasting Worlds of Pennsylvania and Carolina Bloodshed in the English Colonies: 1670--1690 Metacom's War in New England Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia The "Glorious Revolution" in England The "Glorious Revolution" in America Consequences of War and Growth: 1690--1715 Salem's Wartime Witch Hunt The Uneven Costs of War Storm Clouds in the South Conclusion Envisioning History La Salle's Ship, the Belle, Is Raised from a Watery Grave The Wider World William Dampier: The World Became His University Interpreting History "Marry or do not marry" Part Two. A Century of Colonial Expansion to 1775 4. African Enslavement: The Terrible Transformation The Descent into Race Slavery The Caribbean Precedent Ominous Beginnings Alternative Sources of Labor The Fateful Transition The Growth of Slave Labor Camps Black Involvement in Bacon's Rebellion The Rise of a Slaveholding Tidewater Elite Closing the Vicious Circle in the Chesapeake England Enters the Atlantic Slave Trade Trade Ties Between Europe and Africa The Slave Trade on the African Coast The Middle Passage Experience Saltwater Slaves Arrive in America Survival in a Strange New Land African Rice Growers in South Carolina Patterns of Resistance A Wave of Rebellion The Transformation Completed Second Class Status in the North Uncertain Voices of Dissent Is This Consistent "with Christianity or Common Justice"? Oglethorpe's Antislavery Experiment The End of Equality in Georgia Conclusion Envisioning History Drums and Banjos: African Sounds in English Colonies The Wider World The Odyssey of Job Ben Solomon Interpreting History "Releese Us out of This Cruell Bondegg" 5. An American Babel, 1713--1763 New Cultures on the Western Plains The Spread of the Horse The Rise of the Comanche Creation of Comancheria on the Southern Plains The Expansion of the Sioux Britain's Mainland Colonies: A New Abundance of People Population Growth on the Home Front "Packed Like Herrings": Arrivals from Abroad Non-English Newcomers in the British Colonies The Varied Economic Landscape Sources of Gain in Carolina and Georgia Chesapeake Bay's Tobacco Economy New England Takes to the Sea Economic Expansion in the Middle Colonies Matters of Faith: The Great Awakening Seeds of Religious Toleration The Onset of the Great Awakening: Pietism and George Whitefield "The Danger of an Unconverted Ministry" The Consequences of the Great Awakening The French Lose a North American Empire Prospects and Problems Facing French Colonists British Settlers Confront the Threat from France An American Fight Becomes a Global Conflict Quebec Taken and North America Refashioned Conclusion Envisioning History Putting Mary Jemison on a Pedestal The Wider World Solving the Problem of Longitude Interpreting History "Pastures Can Be Found Almost Everywhere": Joshua von Kocherthal Recruits Germans to Carolina 6. The Limits of Imperial Control, 1763--1775 New Challenges to Spain's Expanded Empire Pacific Exploration, Hawaiian Contact The Russians Lay Claim to Alaska Spain Colonizes the California Coast New Challenges to Britain's Expanded Empire Midwestern Lands and Pontiac's War for Indian Independence Grenville's Effort at Reform The Stamp Act Imposed The Stamp Act Resisted "The Unconquerable Rage of the People" Power Corrupts: An English Framework for Revolution Americans Practice Vigilance and Restraint Rural Unrest: Tenant Farmers and Regulators A Conspiracy of Corrupt Ministers? The Townshend Duties Virtuous Resistance: Boycotting British Goods The Boston Massacre The Gaspee Affair Prompts Committees of Correspondence Launching a Revolution The Tempest over Tea The Intolerable Acts From Words to Action Conclusion Envisioning History William Hogarth's "The Times," 1762 The Wider World "Farther than Any Other Man": Cook's Second Voyage Interpreting History "Squeezed and Oppressed": A 1768 Petition by 30 Regulators Part Three. The Unfinished Revolution, 1775--1803 7. Revolutionaries at War, 1775--1783 "Things Are Now Come to That Crisis" The Second Continental Congress Takes Control "Liberty to Slaves" The Struggle to Control Boston Declaring Independence "Time to Part" The British Attack New York "Victory or Death": A Desperate Gamble Pays Off The Struggle to Win French Support Breakdown in British Planning Saratoga Tips the Balance Forging an Alliance with France Legitimate States, a Respectable Military The Articles of Confederation Creating State Constitutions Tensions in the Military Ranks Shaping a Diverse Army The War at Sea The Long Road to Yorktown Indian Warfare and Frontier Outposts The Unpredictable War in the South The Final Campaign Winning the Peace Conclusion Envisioning History Benjamin Franklin: The Diplomat in a Beaver Hat The Wider World The Journey of Tom and Sally Peters Interpreting History "Revoking Those Sacred Trusts Which Are Violated": Proclaiming Independence in South Carolina, May 1776 8. New Beginnings: The 1780s Beating Swords into Plowshares Will the Army Seize Control? The Society of the Cincinnati Renaming the Landscape An Independent Culture Competing for Control of the Mississippi Valley Disputed Territory: The Old Southwest Southern Claims and Indian Resistance "We Are Now Masters": The Old Northwest The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Debtor and Creditor, Taxpayer and Bondholder New Sources of Wealth "Tumults in New England" Shay's Rebellion: The Massachusetts Regulation Drafting a New Constitution Philadelphia: A Gathering of Like-Minded Men Compromise and Consensus Questions of Representation Slavery: The Deepest Dilemma Ratification and the Bill of Rights The Campaign for Ratification Dividing and Conquering the Anti-Federalists Adding a Bill of Rights Conclusion Envisioning History "Grand Federal Processions" The Wider World John Ledyard's Wildly Ambitious Plan Interpreting History Demobilization: "Turned Adrift Like Old Worn-Out Horses" 9. Revolutionary Legacies, 1789--1803 Competing Political Visions in the New Nation Federalism and Democratic-Republicanism in Action Planting the Seeds of Industry Echoes of the American Revolution: The Whiskey Rebellion Securing Peace Abroad, Suppressing Dissent at Home People of Color: New Freedoms, New Struggles Blacks in the North Manumissions in the South Continuity and Change in the West Indian Wars in the Great Lakes Region Patterns of Indian Acculturation Land Speculation and Slavery Shifting Social Identities in the Post-Revolutionary Era The Search for Common Ground Artisan-Politicians and Menial Laborers "Republican Mothers" and Other Well-Off Women A Loss of Political Influence: The Fate of Nonelite Women The Election of 1800 The Enigmatic Thomas Jefferson Protecting and Expanding the National Interest Conclusion Envisioning History President-Elect Washington is Greeted by the Women and Girls of Trenton, New Jersey The Wider World Comparative Measures of Equality in the Post-Revolutionary World Interpreting History A Farmer Worries about the Power of "the Few" Part Four. Expanding the Boundaries of Freedom and Slavery, 1804--1848 10. Defending and Expanding the New Nation, 1804--1818 The British Menace The Embargo of 1807 On the Brink of War The War of 1812 Pushing North Fighting on Many Fronts An Uncertain Victory The "Era of Good Feelings"? Praise and Respect for Veterans After the War A Thriving Economy Transformations in the Workplace The Market Revolution The Rise of the Cotton Plantation Economy Regional Economies of the South Black Family Life and Labor Resistance to Slavery Conclusion Envisioning History A Government Agent Greets a Group of Creek Indians The Wider World Which Nations Transported Slaves in 1800? Interpreting History Cherokee Women Petition Against Further Land Sales to Whites in 1817 11. Society and Politics in the "Age of the Common Man," 1819--1832 The Politics Behind Western Migration The Missouri Compromise Ways West: The Erie Canal Spreading American Culture--and Slavery Migration and Its Effects on the Western Environment The Panic of 1819 and the Plight of Western Debtors The Monroe Doctrine Andrew Jackson's Rise to Power Federal Authority and Its Opponents Judicial Federalism and the Limits of Law The "Tariff of Abominations" The "Monster Bank" Americans in the "Age of the Common Man" Wards, Workers, and Warriors: Native Americans Slaves and Free People of Color Legal and Economic Dependence: The Status of Women Ties That Bound a Growing Population New Visions of Religious Faith Literary and Cultural Values in America Conclusion Envisioning History A Rowdy Presidential Inauguration The Wider World The Global Trade in Cotton Interpreting History Eulalia Perez Describes Her Work in a California Mission 12. Peoples in Motion, 1832--1848 Mass Migrations Newcomers from Western Europe The Slave Trade Trails of Tears Migrants in the West Government-Sponsored Exploration The Oregon Trail New Places, New Identities Changes in the Southern Plains A Multitude of Voices in the National Political Arena Whigs, Workers, and the Panic of 1837 Suppression of Antislavery Sentiment Nativists as a Political Force Reform Impulses Public Education Alternative Visions of Social Life Networks of Reformers The United States Extends Its Reach The Lone Star Republic The Election of 1844 War with Mexico Conclusion Envisioning History An Owner Advertises for His Runaway Slave The Wider World The U.S. and Other Railroad Networks Compared Interpreting History Senator John C. Calhoun Warns Against Incorporating Mexico into the United States Part 5. Disunion and Reunion 13. The Crisis over Slavery, 1848--1860 Regional Economies and Conflicts Native American Economies Transformed Land Conflicts in the Southwest Ethnic and Economic Diversity in the Midwest Regional Economies of the South A Free Labor Ideology in the North Individualism Versus Group Identity Putting into Practice Ideas of Social Inferiority "A Teeming Nation"--America in Literature Challenges to Individualism The Paradox of Southern Political Power The Party System in Disarray The Compromise of 1850 Expansionism and Political Upheaval The Republican Alliance The Deepening Conflict over Slavery The Rising Tide of Violence The Dred Scott Decision The Lincoln-Douglas Debates Harpers Ferry and the Presidential Election of 1860 Conclusion Envisioning History An Artist Renders County Election Day in the 1850s The Wider World When Was Slavery Abolished? Interpreting History Professor Howe on the Subordination of Women 14. "To Fight to Gain a Country": The Civil War Mobilization for War, 1861--1862 The Secession Impulse Preparing to Fight Barriers to Southern Mobilization Indians in the Service of the Confederacy The Ethnic Confederacy The Course of War, 1862--1864 The Republicans' War The Ravages of War The Emancipation Proclamation Persistent Obstacles to the Confederacy's Grand Strategy The Other War: African American Struggles for Liberation The Unfolding of Freedom Enemies Within the Confederacy The Ongoing Fight Against Prejudice Battle Fronts and Home Fronts in 1863 Disaffection in the Confederacy The Tide Turns Against the South Civil Unrest in the North The Desperate South The Prolonged Defeat of the Confederacy, 1864--1865 "Hard War" Toward African Americans and Indians "Father Abraham" Sherman's March from Atlanta to the Sea The Last Days of the Confederacy Conclusion Interpreting History A Virginia Slaveholder Objects to the Impressment of Slaves Envisioning History A Civil War Encampment The Wider World Deaths of Americans in Principal Wars, 1775-1991 15. Consolidating a Triumphant Union, 1865--1877 The Struggle over the South Wartime Preludes to Postwar Policies Presidential Reconstruction, 1865--1867 The Southern Postwar Labor Problem Building Free Communities Landscapes and Soundscapes of Freedom Congressional Reconstruction: The Radicals' Plan The Remarkable Career of Blanche K. Bruce Claiming Territory for the Union Federal Military Campaigns Against Western Indians The Postwar Western Labor Problem Land Use in an Expanding Nation Buying Territory for the Union The Republican Vision and Its Limits Postbellum Origins of the Woman Suffrage Movement Workers' Organizations Political Corruption and the Decline of Republican Idealism Conclusion Envisioning History Two Artists Memorialize the Battle of Little Big Horn The Wider World When Did Women Get the Vote? Interpreting History A Southern Labor Contract Appendix The Declaration of Independence The Article of Confederation The Constitution of the United States of America Amendments to the Constitution Presidential Elections Present Day United States Present Day World Glossary Credits Index Maps