Public Policy (Heftet (myke permer))

This book weds the "normative" and the "empirical" in its examination of public policy. The first part of the text offers a philosophical context, enabling students to see how different conceptions of "the public good" inform and shape public policy. The second part draws on the realm of science and employs the policy process model as a basis for understanding how public policies actually come to fruition. The first two parts act as a "compass" for the third, which presents substantive policy areas, such as defense, education, health, and criminal justice.

This book weds the "normative" and the "empirical" in its examination of public policy. The first part of the text offers a philosophical context, enabling students to see how different conceptions of "the public good" inform and shape public policy. The second part draws on the realm of science and employs the policy process model as a basis for understanding how public policies actually come to fruition. The first two parts act as a "compass" for the third, which presents substantive policy areas, such as defense, education, health, and criminal justice.

Part I: Introduction to Public Policy Chapter 1 Policy and Visions of Governance Chapter Overview "Liberalism" versus "liberalism" Classical Liberalism The Philosophical Softening of Some Assumptions of Classical Liberalism Scientific Realities and Classical Liberalism Modern Liberalism and Public Policy John Rawls The Nature of liberalism in the United States Communitarianism Conclusion Chapter 2 Theories of Public Policy: How Choices are Made Chapter Overview The Importance of Science in Studying Public Policy The Use of Theoretical Models in Scientific Inquiry The Rational-Comprehensive Model Incrementalism Public Choice Group Theory Systems Theory Institutionalism Elite Theory Game Theory Neo-Institutionalism Conclusion Chapter 3 Values and Public Policy Chapter Overview Regime Values and Personal Values Civic Engagement, Social Capital, and Values Bases of Individual Values Economics and Value Changes Values Structures of Four Generational Cohorts How Values Have and Continue to Change Conclusion Chapter 4 Policy Analysis: What becomes a choice? How is it prioritized? Chapter Overview Economics Rise of Policy Sciences Growth of Public Policy Tools of Public Policy Analysis Benefit/Cost Analysis Demography and Policy Analysis The Use of Public Opinion Surveys The Use of Statistics Decision Theory Experimentation Outcomes of Policy Analysis Ethics and Policy Analysis Public Policy Spiraling Out of Control? Policy Analysis is not a "Science" Conclusion Part II Policy Process Chapter 5 Agenda Setting Chapter Overview How Does Agenda Setting Work? The President as Agenda-Setter Congress and the Policy Agenda Congressional-Executive Relations and Agenda-Setting The Courts and the Policy Agenda Pressure Groups and Agenda-Setting Bureaucracy and Agenda-Setting Media and Agenda-Setting Elections and the Policy Agenda Cultural Change and Agenda-Setting Biases in Political Participation and Agenda-Setting Explaining Agenda Setting Rational-Comprehensive Model Institutionalism Garbage Can Theory Group Theory Elite Theory Conclusion Chapter 6 Policy Formulation Chapter Overview Major Actors in Policy Formulation Congressional Policy Formulation Presidential Policy Formulation Courts and Policy Formulation Public Bureaucracies and Policy Formulation International Influences on Policy Formulation Citizen Stakeholders and Policy Formulation Demographic Changes and Policy Formulation Explaining policy formulation Incrementalism and Policy Formulation Group Theory and Policy Formulation Neo-Institutionalism and Policy Formulation Incrementalism and Policy Formulation Conclusion Chapter 7 Policy Implementation Chapter Overview A Theoretical Model of Policy Implementation Controlled Implementation Prophylactic Implementation Up-For-Grabs Implementation Buffered Implementation Issues Surrounding Implementation Major Participants Bureaucracy Pressure Groups Clientele Judicial system Explaining Policy Implementation Rational-Comprehensive Model Elite Theory Explanation Incrementalism Group Theory Conclusion Chapter 8 Policy Evaluation Chapter Overview Policy Sciences and Evaluation The Policy Analysis v. Evaluation General Purposes of Evaluation Internal versus External Evaluation External Evaluations Steps in Policy Evaluation Theoretical Development Conceptualization Operationalization Types of Data and Evaluation Data and Developing Confidence in Numerical Measurement Types of Evaluation Informal Evaluations Formal Evaluations Qualitative Approaches to Evaluation Conclusion Chapter 9 Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations (IGR) Chapter Overview Arguments in Favor of Federalism Origins of American Federalism Dual Federalism Model Cooperative Federalism Nation-Centered Federalism Fiscal Federalism Intergovernmental Relations Intergovernmental Collaborative Policy Making Conclusion Part III Major Public Policies (note: ordering of policy area chapter is subject to change) Chapter 10 Defense Policy Chapter Overview The Defense Policy Structure Major Participants in Defense Policy President Congress Interest Groups Military Commanders and Personnel at the "Street Level" Defense Policy During the Cold War Nuclear Arms Race Nuclear Weapons Treaties Post Cold War Era Post-Post Cold War Era and the War on Terrorism Changing Target Populations in the Post-Post Cold War World Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) Ballistic Missile Defense Homeland Security Explaining Defense Policy Elite Theories Group Theory Conclusion Chapter 11 Public Health Policy Chapter Overview Major Actors in Public Health Policy Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families Administration on Aging Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Medicare: How it Works Medicaid Food and Drug Administration Health Resources and Services Administration Indian Health Service National Institutes of Health Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Association Explaining Public Health Policy Systems Theory Neo-Institutionalism Conclusion Chapter 12 General Social Policy Chapter Overview Scope of Social Policy Discussed in Chapter Major Policy Actors Major Social Policy Agencies and their Function Social Security Administration Social Security Reforms U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Stamp Program Food Distribution Programs Children Nutrition Program Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development U.S. Department of Labor--Unemployment Compensation Explaining General Social Policy Institutionalism Group Theory Elite Theories New Institutionalism Chapter Summary Chapter 13 Education Policy Chapter Overview History of Education Policy in the United States Colonial Times The Federalist Approach to Education The Common School Movement Progressive Era Contributions The Cold War Era Privatization Alternatives: The 1980's to Present Major Participants in Education Policy Education Policy Reform Proposals Student Testing Teacher Quality Class Size School Violence Moving Towards the 21st Century Bilingual Education Head Start Explaining Education Policy Institutionalism Group Theory Incrementalism Public Choice Theory Conclusion Chapter 14 Criminal Justice Policy Chapter Overview Major Participants Courts Attorneys Elected Officials Bureaucracy Private Enterprises Interest Groups Types of Crime Crime in the U.S. versus Other Industrialized Nations Homicides Other Violent Crimes Property Crime Drug Crimes Causes of Crime Socioeconomic Explanations Biological Theories of Crime Crimes and Criminal Procedure Perspectives on Punishment Rehabilitation versus Retribution Three-Strikes and You're Out Community Corrections House Arrest & Electronic Surveillance Death Penalty Hate Crimes Child Abuse Public Corruption Contemporary Policing Techniques and Issues Community Oriented Policing Racially-Biased Policing Incarceration Policy and Management Control Model of Incarceration Responsibility Model of Incarceration Consensual Model of Incarceration The USA Patriot Act, Anti-Terrorism and Criminal Justice Policy Explaining Criminal Justice Policy Elite Theory Group Theory Institutionalism Conclusion Chapter 15 Environmental & Natural Resource Policy Chapter Overview Considering the Commons Key Actors in Environmental Policy President Congress Courts Pressure Groups Eco-Terrorism Land Resources Resources We Take From Our Public Lands Timber Resources Mining In the United States Coal Natural Gas Petroleum Uranium Other Materials Mined in the U.S. Alternative Energy: Protecting the Environment and Reducing Harmful Extractions Water Politics and Policy Major Federal Environmental Laws Environmental Protection Agency Explaining Environmental Policy Elite Theory Pressure Groups Institutionalism Conclusion Chapter 16 Cost of Policy Chapter Overview A Definition of Budgeting Explaining the Size of the Budget Budget Cycle Major Participants & Influences Congress President Courts Bureaucracy Pressure Groups Media Campaigns & Elections Domestic Socio-Economic Conditions Budget Theory Role Theory Consensus Model Dissensus Model Politics of Entitlement The Budget and Implications for Policy Explaining Public Budgeting Incrementalism Neo-Institutionalism Group Theory Conclusion Chapter 17 Future of Public Policy Chapter Overview Commodification/De-Commodification Technology and the Future of Policy Values and the Future of Policy Conclusion