Preface PART I- FOUNDATIONS OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1. Defining the Field of Applied Social Psychology - Frank W. Schneider, Jamie A. Gruman, and Larry M. Coutts Social Psychology Defining Social Psychology Social Psychology as a Science Applied Social Psychology Applied Social Psychology as a Science The Role of Personal Values Historical Context of Applied Social Psychology A Problem Focus Approaches to Applied Social Psychology Social Influences on Behavior: The Power of the Situation Levels of Analysis The Need for a Broad Approach Various Roles of Applied Social Psychologists Overview of Book Summary 2. Social Psychological Theory - Michelle A. Krieger, Greg A. Chung-Yan, and Shelagh M. J. Towson The Scientific Process Theory in Social Psychology Functions of Social Psychological Theories Characteristics of Social Psychological Theories Cognitive Dissonance Theory Description Organization Direction Intervention Summing Up Cognitive Dissonance Theory Theory of Planned Behavior Description Organization Direction Intervention Summing Up the Theory of Planned Behavior Summary 3. Research Methods in Applied Social Psychology - Kenneth M. Cramer and Louise R. Alexitch Methods of Data Collection Variables and Their Measurement Self-Report Methods: The Special Case of Surveys Observational Methods Research Designs True Experiments Quasi-Experiments Correlational Studies Descriptive Studies Research Settings Qualitative Research Methods Research Ethics Postscript Summary 4. Intervention and Evaluation - Adam Lodzinski, Michiko S. Motomura, and Frank W. Schneider Design of Interventions Nature of Interventions Key Tasks in Intervention Design and Delivery Evaluation of Interventions Reasons for Evaluating Interventions Ineffective Interventions Types of Evaluation Importance of Research Design in Evaluating Interventions Evidence-Based Interventions An Intervention Example: Reducing Alcohol Problems on Campus Identifying the Problem Developing a Solution: Forming the Intervention Hypothesis Goal Setting and Designing the Intervention Implementing the Intervention Evaluating the Intervention Incorporating Qualitative Methods to Design and Evaluate Interventions Further Applications of Social Norm Theory Other Interventions Examples of Other Interventions Complex Problems Require Complex Solutions Influencing Social Policy Intervention Issues Process Issues Ethical Issues Summary PART II APPLYING SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY TO ARENAS OF LIFE 5. Applying Social Psychology to Clinical and Counseling Psychology - Kenneth E. Hart and Phillip A. Ianni The Origins of Psychological Disorders The Social Psychological Roots of Social Anxiety A Social Psychological Model of Depression The Treatment and Prevention of Psychological Disorders Self-Presentation Theory: An Approach to Treating Social Anxiety Hopelessness Theory Approach to Treating Depression The Diagnosis of Psychological Disorders Biases in Clinical Decision Making Final Thoughts Summary 6. Applying Social Psychology to Sports Teams - Philip Sullivan, Deborah L. Feltz, and Lori Dithurbide Team Dynamics Team Cohesion Team Confidence Effective Communication Team Goal Setting Team Building Family Psychology Intervention Communication Training Intervention Summary 7. Applying Social Psychology to the Media - David R. Ewoldsen and Beverly Roskos How Does Media Violence Affect Us? The Consequences of Viewing Media Violence Imitation of Violence Media Violence and Aggressive Thoughts Media Violence and Fear What Happens When We Watch Pornography? Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Nonviolent Pornography Effects of Exposure to Embedded Violent Sexual Material Reducing the Harmful Effects of Exposure to Violent Sexual Material Does Political News Coverage Affect Us? How the Media Influence Our Thoughts Effects of Negative Media Coverage of the Government Summary 8. Applying Social Psychology to Health - Kathryn D. Lafreniere and Kenneth M. Cramer Health Psychology Defined The Biopsychosocial Model Social Variables and Health Promoting Health and Preventing Illness Persuasion and Social Influence in Media Health Coverage Health Literacy: Evaluating Health-Related Information on the Internet Family, Peer, and School Influences Changing Health Behavior Health Belief Model Theory of Planned Behavior Transtheoretical Model Stress, Coping, and Social Support Stress and Coping Social Support Summary 9. Applying Social Psychology to Education - Louise R. Alexitch Intrapersonal Processes: Increasing Success, Reducing Failure What Factors Affect Student Performance? How Can Student Performance Be Improved? Interpersonal Processes: Teachers and Students Interacting Teacher Expectations and Student Achievement Students Interacting With Other Students When Interactions Turn Ugly: Aggression in School Summary 10. Applying Social Psychology to Organizations - Larry M. Coutts and Jamie A. Gruman The Individual in an Organizational Context Making Sense of Others in the Work Environment Job Satisfaction: Antecedents and Consequences Interpersonal Processes in Organizations Communication Group Decision Making Summary 11. Applying Social Psychology to the Criminal Justice System - David M. Day and Stéphanie B. Marion The Crime and the Criminal The Social Psychology of a Crime The Origins of Criminal Behavior The Response of the Criminal Justice System The Police Investigation The Courtroom The Prison Setting Summary 12. Applying Social Psychology to the Community - Kathryn D. Lafreniere, Stewart Page, and Charlene Y. Senn What Is Community Psychology? Defining Community Psychology Origins of Community Psychology Community Psychology Values and Approaches Sense of Community Life in the City The Internet as a Community and Source of Help Diversity Versus Prejudice and Stigmatization The Importance of Diversity Research on Stigmatization The Media and Stigmatization Bringing About Social Change Social Action and Activism Using Research to Influence Social Change Activism in Research Influencing Policy Changing Structural or Social Barriers Summary 13. Applying Social Psychology to the Environment - Robert Gifford Resource Dilemmas A Family of Dilemmas What Is a Resource Dilemma? Studying Resource Dilemmas Strategies for Inducing Pro-Environment Behavior The Built Environment Social Design Defensible Space Epilogue Summary 14. Applying Social Psychology to Diversity - Catherine T. Kwantes and Sherry Bergeron Societies: Cultural Diversity Hofstede’s Cultural Taxonomy Schwartz’s Values Framework Social Axioms Approach Demographics: Personal Diversity Gender Ethnic Background Social Class Consequences of Diversity: Opportunities and Challenges Creativity and Innovation Problem Solving Prejudice and Discrimination Conflict Theories of Conflict Conflict Management and Resolution Summary PART III APPLYING SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY TO ONE’S OWN LIFE 15. Applying Social Psychology to Personal Relationships - Ann L. Weber and Jennifer Dobson The Need to Be Close Attraction Proximity and Familiarity Physical Attractiveness Attachment Infant Attachment Adult Attachment Styles Assess Your Attachment Style Applying Attachment Lessons The Selection Process The T-Shirt Study Selection Process Lessons and Applications Conclusion: The Science of Closeness Summary 16. Applying Social Psychology to the Classroom - Randolph A. Smith Cognitive Errors and Student–Teacher Relations Fundamental Attribution Error Belief Perseverance Social Categorization Self-Perceptions and Their Academic Consequences Self-Handicapping Self-Serving Bias Overjustification Effect Conclusion: Social Psychology in the Classroom Summary 17. Applying Social Psychology to the Good Life: Balancing Optimism and Pessimism - Jamie A. Gruman, Kenneth E. Hart, and Phillip A. Ianni Introduction to Positive Social Psychology Optimism Introduction to Optimism–Pessimism Self-Assessment of Optimism–Pessimism The Social Psychology of Optimism The Benefits of Optimism Positive Coaching Exercises Pessimism A Balanced View of Optimism and Pessimism Broadening the Perspective on Well-Being Summary References Author Index Subject Index About the Editors Contributors