Brief Contents PREFACE PART I THE BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION APPROACH1 Introduction 2 Areas of Application: An Overview PART II BASIC BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES3 Getting a Behavior to Occur More Often with Positive Reinforcement 4 Developing and Maintaining Behavior with Conditioned Reinforcement 5 Decreasing a Behavior with Extinction 6 Developing Behavioral Persistence Through the Use of Intermittent Reinforcement 7 Intermittent Reinforcement to Decrease Behavior 8 Doing the Right Thing at the Right Time and Place: Stimulus Discrimination and Stimulus Generalization 9 Changing the Control of a Behavior with Fading 10 Getting a New Behavior to Occur with Shaping 11 Getting a New Sequence of Behaviors to Occur with Behavioral Chaining 12 Eliminating Inappropriate Behavior Through Punishment 13 Establishing Behavior by Escape and Avoidance Conditioning 14 Procedures Based on Principles of Respondent Conditioning 15 Respondent and Operant Conditioning Together 16 Transferring Behavior to New Settings and Making It Last: Generality of Behavior Change PART III CAPITALIZING ON ANTECEDENT CONTROL PROCEDURES 17 Antecedent Control: Rules and Goals 18 Antecedent Control: Modeling, Guidance, and Situational Inducement 19 Antecedent Control: Motivation PART IV DEALING WITH DATA20 Behavioral Assessment: Initial Considerations 21 Direct Behavioral Assessment: What to Record and How 22 Doing Research in Behavior Modification PART V PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER TO DEVELOP EFFECTIVE BEHAVIORAL PROGRAMS23 Functional Assessment of the Causes of Problem Behavior 24 Planning, Applying, and Evaluating a Behavioral Program 25 Token Economies 26 Helping an Individual to Develop Self-Control 27 Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Self-Directed Coping Methods, and ACT. 28 Areas of Clinical Behavior Therapy PART VI A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND ETHICAL ISSUES29 Giving It All Some Perspective: A Brief History 30 Ethical Issues GLOSSARY REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX ____________________________________________________ Table of Contents PREFACE Changes in the Eighth Edition Instructors Resource Manual with Tests and Practica Acknowledgments To the Student PART I THE BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION APPROACH 1 INTRODUCTION What Is Behavior?Summary Labels for Behavior What Is Behavior Modification? What Is Behavioral Assessment? Behavior Modification and Applied Behavior AnalysisBehavior Modification, Behavior Therapy, & Cognitive Behavior Therapy Some Misconceptions About Behavior Modification The Approach of This Book Application Exercises Notes and Extended Discussion 2 AREAS OF APPLICATION: AN OVERVIEW Parenting and Child Management Education: From Preschool to University Developmental DisabilitiesSchizophrenia Behavior Therapy: Behavior Modification in Clinical Settings Self-Management of Personal Problems Medical and Health Care Gerontology Community Behavioral Analysis Business, Industry, and Government Sport Psychology Behavior Modification with Diverse Populations Conclusion Notes and Extended Discussion PART II BASIC BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES 3 GETTING A BEHAVIOR TO OCCUR MORE OFTEN WITH POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT "Do you want to sit here, Mommy?"Reinforcing Darren's Cooperative Behavior Positive Reinforcement Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Positive Reinforcement Pitfalls of Positive Reinforcement Guidelines for the Effective Application of Positive Reinforcement Application Exercises Notes and Extended Discussion 4 DEVELOPING AND MAINTAINING BEHAVIOR WITH CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT "Don't be so rude! Be nice!"Erin's Points ProgramUnconditioned and Conditioned Reinforcers Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Conditioned Reinforcement Pitfalls of Conditioned Reinforcement Guidelines for the Effective Use of Conditioned ReinforcementApplication Exercises Notes and Extended Discussion 5 DECREASING A BEHAVIOR WITH EXTINCTION "Louise, let's get rid of your migraines."Louise's Case Extinction Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Extinction Pitfalls of Extinction Guidelines for the Effective Application of Extinction Application Exercises Notes and Extended Discussion 6 DEVELOPING BEHAVIORAL PERSISTENCE THROUGH THE USE OF INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT "Jan, let's see how many arithmetic problems you can do."Improving Jan's Work Rate in Math Class Some Definitions Ratio Schedules Simple Interval Schedules Interval Schedules with Limited Hold Duration Schedules Overview of Eight Basic Schedules for Increasing and Maintaining Behavior Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement Pitfalls of Intermittent Reinforcement Guidelines for the Effective Use of Intermittent Reinforcement Application Exercises Notes and Extended Discussion 7 INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT TO DECREASE BEHAVIOR "Tommy, a little less talking out, please!"Decreasing Tommy's Talking Out The Schedules in This Chapter Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates Differential Reinforcement of Zero Responding Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Responding Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior Pitfalls of Schedules for Decreasing Behavior Guidelines for the Effective Use of Intermittent Schedules to Decrease Behavior Application Exercises Note and Extended Discussion 8 DOING THE RIGHT THING AT THE RIGHT TIME AND PLACE: STIMULUS DISCRIMINATION AND STIMULUS GENERALIZATION "Now, children, please work at your desks."Learning to Follow Teacher's Instructions Learning to Respond at the Right Time and PlaceTypes of Controlling Stimuli: SDs and S sStimulus Discrimination Stimulus Generalization Factors Determining the Effectiveness of Stimulus Discrimination Training Pitfalls of Stimulus Discrimination TrainingGuidelines for Effective Stimulus Discrimination Training Application Exercises Notes and Extended Discussion 9 CHANGING THE CONTROL OF A BEHAVIOR WITH FADING "Peter, what's your name?"Teaching Peter His Name Fading Dimensions of Stimuli for Fading Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Fading Pitfalls of Fading Guidelines for the Effective Application of Fading Application Exercises Notes and Extended Discussion 10 GETTING A NEW BEHAVIOR TO OCCUR WITH SHAPING "Frank, did you do your jogging?"Improving Frank's Exercising Shaping Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Shaping Pitfalls of Shaping Guidelines for the Effective Application of Shaping Application Exercises Notes and Extended Discussion 11 GETTING A NEW SEQUENCE OF BEHAVIORS TO OCCUR WITH BEHAVIORAL CHAINING "Steve, your preputt routine is inconsistent."Teaching Steve to Follow a Consistent Preputt Routine Behavioral Chaining Methods for Teaching a Behavioral Chain Chaining Compared with Fading and Shaping Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Behavioral Chaining Pitfalls of Behavioral Chaining Guidelines for the Effective Use of Behavioral Chaining Application Exercises Note and Extended Discussion 12 ELIMINATING INAPPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR THROUGH PUNISHMENT "Ben, don't be so aggressive."Eliminating Ben's Aggressiveness The Principle of Punishment Types of Punishers Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment Some Examples of Therapeutic PunishmentPotential Harmful Side Effects of PunishmentShould Punishment Be Deliberately Used? Pitfalls of Punishment Guidelines for the Effective Application of Punishment Application Exercises Notes and Extended Discussion 13 ESTABLISHING BEHAVIOR BY ESCAPE AND AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING "Jason, that's bad for your health!"Curing Jason's Slouching Escape Conditioning Avoidance Conditioning Pitfalls of Escape and Avoidance Conditioning Guidelines for the Effective Application of Escape and Avoidance Conditioning Application Exercises Note and Extended Discussion 14 PROCEDURES BASED ON PRINCIPLES OF RESPONDENT CONDITIONING "I hate that word!"Making Words Unpleasant Operant Versus Respondent Behavior Principle of Respondent Conditioning Higher-Order Conditioning Respondent Extinction Counterconditioning Common Respondently Conditioned Responses Respondent and Operant Conditioning Compared Applications of Respondent Conditioning Application Exercises Notes and Extended Discussion 15 RESPONDENT AND OPERANT CONDITIONING TOGETHER "I have to finish my term paper!"Responding to Meet Deadlines Operant-Respondent Interactions Respondent and Operant Components of Emotions Respondent and Operant Components of Thinking Private Thoughts and Feelings: More Respondent-Operant Interactions Application Exercises Note and Extended Discussion 16 TRANSFERRING BEHAVIOR TO NEW SETTINGS AND MAKING IT LAST: GENERALITY OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE "Hi, there. I have a nice surprise for you in my car."Teaching Stan to Protect Himself Generality Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Programming Generality of Operant Behavior Programming Generality of Respondent Behavior Pitfalls of Generality Guidelines for Programming Generality of Operant Behavior Application Exercises Notes and Extended Discussion PART III CAPITALIZING ON ANTECEDENT CONTROL PROCEDURES 17 ANTECEDENT CONTROL: RULES AND GOALS "What if I don't skate well?"Helping Susan to Skate WellAntecedent ControlRules Goals Application Exercises Note and Extended Discussion 18 ANTECEDENT CONTROL: MODELING, GUIDANCE, AND SITUATIONAL INDUCEMENT "James, feel the soles of your feet."A Mindfulness-Based Intervention for AggressionCapitalizing on Existing Stimulus ControlModeling Physical Guidance Situational Inducement Study Questions Application Exercises Note and Extended Discussion 19 ANTECEDENT CONTROL: MOTIVATION "Ok, team! Here's how you can earn an Eagle Effort Award."Coach Dawson's Motivation ProgramA Traditional View of Motivation A Behavioral View of Motivation Some Applications of Motivating Operations Motivating Operations and Behavior Modification Application Exercise Notes and Extended Discussion PART IV DEALING WITH DATA 20 BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT: INITIAL CONSIDERATIONS Minimal Phases of a Program Sources of Information for Preprogram Assessment Data! Data! Data! Why Bother? Behavioral Assessment Compared to Traditional Assessment Note and Extended Discussion 21 DIRECT BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT: WHAT TO RECORD AND HOW Characteristics of Behavior to Be Recorded Strategies for Recording Behavior Assessing the Accuracy of Observations Application Exercises Notes and Extended Discussion 22 FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT OF THE CAUSES OF PROBLEM BEHAVIOR Functional Assessment ProceduresMajor Causes of Problem Behaviors Medical Causes of Problem Behaviors Guidelines for Conducting a Functional Assessment Application Exercises Note and Extended Discussion 23 DOING RESEARCH IN BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION The Reversal-Replication (ABAB) Research Design Multiple-Baseline Designs The Changing-Criterion Design Alternating-Treatments (or Multielement) Design Data Analysis and Interpretation Application Exercises Notes and Extended Discussion PART V PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER TO DEVELOP EFFECTIVE BEHAVIORAL PROGRAMS 24 PLANNING, APPLYING, AND EVALUATING A BEHAVIORAL PROGRAM A Problem Has Been Referred: Should You Design a Program? Selecting and Implementing an Assessment Procedure Strategies of Program Design and Implementation Program Maintenance and Evaluation Application Exercise Notes and Extended Discussion 25 HELPING AN INDIVIDUAL TO DEVELOP SELF-CONTROL Causes of Self-Control Problems A Model for Self-Control Steps in a Self-Control Program Circumventing the Therapist Application Exercises Notes and Extended Discussion 26 COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY, SELF-DIRECTED COPING METHODS, & ACT Cognitive Restructuring Methods Self-Directed Coping Methods Mindfulness and Acceptance Strategies A Behavioral Interpretation of Cognitive Restructuring, Self-Directed Coping Methods,& ACT Concluding Comments Application Exercise Notes and Extended Discussion 27 AREAS OF CLINICAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY Specific Phobias Other Anxiety Disorders Depression Alcohol Problems Eating Disorders Couple Distress Sexual Dysfunction Habit Disorders Notes and Extended Discussion PART VI A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND ETHICAL ISSUES 28 ETHICAL ISSUES A Behavioral View of Ethics Arguments Against Deliberately Controlling Behavior Ethical Guidelines Conclusions Notes and Extended Discussion GLOSSARY REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX