Building on the strength of the previous two editions, Bergman's Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation is the third installment of the classic human anatomical reference launched by Dr. Ronald Bergman.

List of contributors xi Preface xvii Foreword by Stephen W. Carmichael xix Foreword by Ronald A. Bergman xx 1 Skull 1Selcuk Tunali 2 Hyoid bone 22R. Shane Tubbs and Koichi Watanabe 3 Cervical vertebrae 24Joseph H. Miller, Michael C. Lysek and Mark N. Hadley 4 Thoracic vertebrae 30Benjamin J. Ditty, Nidal B. Omar and Mark N. Hadley 5 Lumbar vertebrae 33Ross Dawkins and Mark N. Hadley 6 Sacrococcygeal vertebrae 37R. Shane Tubbs and Marios Loukas 7 Scapula 40Peter Ward 8 Clavicle 51Z.J. Daruwalla, R. Malhotra, P. Courtis, C. Fitzpatrick, D. Fitzpatrick and H. Mullett 9 Humerus 63Peter Ward 10 Radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges 68Munawar Hayat and Marios Loukas 11 Ribs and sternum 76R. Shane Tubbs and Koichi Watanabe 12 Pelvic bones 82Alper Cesmebasi and Marios Loukas 13 Bones of the lower limb 89Matthew Haffner and Michael Conklin 14 Temporomandibular joint 116Toral R. Patel and Jarrod A. Collins 15 Shoulder joint 124Brion Benninger 16 Elbow joint 130Giuseppe Giannicola, Federico Maria Sacchetti, David Polimanti, Gianluca Bullitta, Marco Scacchi and Pietro Sedati 17 Wrist and hand joints 158Benjamin Todd Raines and Jean Oakes 18 Sacroiliac joints 165Niladri Kumar Mahato 19 Hip joint 176Robert Ward 20 Knee joint 181Brion Benninger 21 Ankle and foot joints 204Takamitsu Arakawa 22 Orbital muscles 207Necdet Kocabiyik 23 Middle ear muscles 212José Francisco Rodríguez‐Vázquez 24 Facial muscles and muscles of mastication 217Koichi Watanabe 25 Anterior neck muscles 228Hye Yeon Lee and Hee Jun Yang 26 Pharyngeal muscles 236Yujiro Sakamoto 27 Soft palate and tongue muscles 240Swetal Patel and Marios Loukas 28 Prevertebral and craniocervical junction muscles 245Yujiro Sakamoto 29 Laryngeal muscles 254Eva Maranillo and Jose Sanudo 30 Back muscles 262Barclay W. Bakkum and Nathan Miller 31 Scapulohumeral muscles 289Clare Lamb 32 Arm muscles 293Keiichi Akita and Akimoto Nimura 33 Forearm muscles 298Keiichi Akita and Akimoto Nimura 34 Hand intrinsic muscles 315Mirtha A. Gonzalez and David T. Netscher 35 Thoracic wall muscles 335Michael Snosek and Marios Loukas 36 Abdominal wall muscles 369Tsuyoshi Saga and Nagahiro Takahashi 37 Pelvic diaphragm and external anal sphincter 381Howe Liu and Yasser Salem 38 Perineal muscles 384R. Shane Tubbs and Koichi Watanabe 39 Gluteal muscles 386Helen Nicholson and Natasha Flack 40 Thigh muscles 410Maira du Plessis and Marios Loukas 41 Leg muscles 421H. Wayne Lambert 42 Intrinsic muscles of the foot 438Rene M. Kafka, Ian L. Aveytua, Regina C. Fiacco, Garen M. Ream, Anthony C. DiLandro and Anthony D’Antoni 43 Internal carotid artery and anterior cerebral circulation 449Paul Foreman, Christoph J. Griessenauer, John P. Deveikis and Mark Harrigan 44 Vertebrobasilar arteries 461R. Shane Tubbs and Marios Loukas 45 Persistent fetal intracranial arteries 465Soner Albay 46 Common carotid and cervical internal carotid arteries 475R. Shane Tubbs and Marios Loukas 47 External carotid artery 477Selcuk Tunali 48 Vertebral artery 487Bernard George and Michaël Bruneau 49 Thoracic aorta 501Veysel Akgun, Salih Hamcan, Yalcin Bozkurt and Bilal Battal 50 Coronary arteries 530Horia Muresian 51 Pulmonary arteries 569M. Cumhur Sivrikoz 52 Subclavian artery 575Selcuk Tunali 53 Upper limb arteries 583Anthony Olinger 54 Abdominal aorta 619Daisy Sahni, Anjali Aggarwal, Tulika Gupta, Harjeet Kaur, Richa Gupta, Kunal Chawla, Narbada Saini, Shallu Garg, Anjali Singla, Arpan Deep, Harsimran Jit Singh, Devendra Shekhawat and Megha Rapotra 55 Renal arteries 682Priti L. Mishall 56 Internal iliac arteries 694Richard Tunstall 57 Lower limb arteries 741Akshal Patel 58 Arteries of the spinal cord 752Marius C. Bosman and Albert van Schoor 59 Diploic veins 770Satoshi Tsutsumi 60 Dural venous sinuses 775Shamfa C. Joseph, Elias Rizk and R. Shane Tubbs 61 Cerebral veins 800Alireza Sadighi, Ulaş, Cikla, Gregory C. Kujoth and Mustafa K. Başkaya 62 Emissary veins 817R. Shane Tubbs, Koichi Watanabe and Marios Loukas 63 Veins of the neck 821R. Shane Tubbs and Koichi Watanabe 64 Veins of the upper limb 826Teresa Vazquez and Jose Sanudo 65 Intrathoracic veins 832Jonathan D. Spratt 66 Cardiac veins 854Horia Muresian 67 Pulmonary veins 871Yutthaphan Wannasopha and Juntima Euathrongchit 68 Inferior vena cava, portal and hepatic venous systems 877Jonathan D. Spratt 69 Adrenal, renal, gonadal, azygos, hemiazygos, lumbar, and ascending lumbar veins 890Marios Loukas and R. Shane Tubbs 70 Iliac veins 894Deepali Onkar 71 Veins of the lower limb 900Santosh K. Sangari 72 Venous drainage of the spinal cord 910Joel Raborn, Christoph J. Griessenauer, Mohammadali M. Shoja and R. Shane Tubbs 73 Thymus 914Ivan Varga 74 Tonsils 919R. Shane Tubbs and Marios Loukas 75 Thoracic duct, chyle cistern, and right lymphatic duct 921Young‐Bin Song 76 Lymphatics of the lower limb 935Shun Yamazaki, Hiroo Suami, Nobuaki Imanishi, Sadakazu Aiso, Minoru Yamada, Masahiro Jinzaki, Sachio Kuribayashi, David W. Chang and Kazuo Kishi 77 Forebrain 939R. Shane Tubbs, Mohammadali M. Shoja and Marios Loukas 78 Cerebral ventricles 943Martin M. Mortazavi, Nimer Adeeb, Mohammad Jaber and R. Shane Tubbs 79 Pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum 954Dylan Goodrich, Jennifer Yang, Joseph H. Miller and W. Jerry Oakes 80 Subarachnoid space 959Martin M. Mortazavi, Nimer Adeeb, Fareed Rizq and R. Shane Tubbs 81 Meninges 974Nimer Adeeb, Martin M. Mortazavi and R. Shane Tubbs 82 Spinal cord and associated structures 984Shoko M. Yamada, Daniel J. Won, Pedro B. Nava, R. Shane Tubbs and Shokei Yamada 83 Cranial nerves N‐VI 989Jenna R. Voirol, Kelley A. Strothmann, Anthony Zandian and Joel A. Vilensky 84 Facial nerve 1005Mohammadali M. Shoja and R. Shane Tubbs 85 Vestibulocochlear nerve 1034Mohammadali M. Shoja and R. Shane Tubbs 86 Glossopharyngeal nerve 1036Mohammadali M. Shoja, Marios Loukas and R. Shane Tubbs 87 Vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves 1041Mohammadali M. Shoja, Christoph J. Griessenauer, Marios Loukas and R. Shane Tubbs 88 Autonomic nervous system 1050Paul Anthony Irwin, R. Isaiah Tubbs and R. Shane Tubbs 89 Spinal nerves 1057R. Shane Tubbs 90 Cervical plexus 1062Necdet Kocabiyik 91 Nerves of the upper extremity 1068Mark A. Mahan and Robert J. Spinner 92 Lumbosacral plexus 1113Nihal Apaydin 93 Facial asymmetry 1130Senem T. Ozdemir, Marios Loukas and R. Shane Tubbs 94 Eyelids, eyelashes, and eyebrows 1133Candace R. Wooten and Marios Loukas 95 Eye and lacrimal apparatus 1145Frederic J. Bertino 96 Lateral nasal wall and paranasal sinuses 1158Amr E. El‐Shazly 97 Ear 1167Aman Deep, Martin M. Mortazavi and Nimer Adeeb 98 Salivary glands and ducts 1182Louise Wing and Tarik F. Massoud 99 Thyroid gland 1189Bulent Yalcin 100 Parathyroid glands 1205Bulent Yalcin 101 Laryngeal cartilages 1209Arán Pascual‐Font and Jose Sanudo 102 Trachea 1212Koichi Watanabe 103 Lungs 1217Koichi Watanabe 104 Heart 1234Maira du Plessis and Marios Loukas 105 Esophagus 1247Koichi Watanabe 106 Stomach 1253Koichi Watanabe 107 Gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts 1261Mark D. Stringer 108 Liver 1272Koichi Watanabe 109 Pancreas 1278Koichi Watanabe 110 Spleen 1282Koichi Watanabe 111 Small intestines, appendix, and colon 1285Koichi Watanabe 112 Sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus 1308Thandinkosi E. Madiba and Mohammad R. Haffajee 113 Kidney, urinary bladder, and ureter 1315Mohammad Reza Ardalan 114 Adrenal gland 1332Gülnur Özgüner 115 Male genitourinary system 1335Courtney L. Shepard, Dustin T. Gayheart and David B. Joseph 116 Female genital system 1364Sedat Develi 117 Placenta and umbilical cord 1387Sedat Develi 118 Breast 1390Matthew Rubacha Index 1398

Bergman's Comprehensive Encyclopedia of HUMAN ANATOMIC VARIATION Building on the strength of earlier publications, Bergman's Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation is the next installment of the classic work launched by Dr Ronald Bergman. With both new and updated entries, and now illustrated in full color, the encyclopedia provides an even more comprehensive reference on human variation for anatomists, anthropologists, physicians, surgeons, medical personnel, and all students of anatomy. Developed by a team of editors with extensive records publishing on both human variation and normal human anatomy, Bergman's Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation is the long-awaited update to this classic reference. Illustrated in full colorNew and updated entries for a comprehensive coverage of human anatomic variationWritten and edited by a team of experts in the fields of normal and variant anatomyThe essential reference for anatomists, anthropologists, physicians, and all students of anatomy