List of Examples xiiiPreface xvii Chapter 1 Circuit Variables 2Practical Perspective: Balancing Power 31.1 Electrical Engineering: An Overview 41.2 The International System of Units 81.3 Circuit Analysis: An Overview 101.4 Voltage and Current 111.5 The Ideal Basic Circuit Element 121.6 Power and Energy 14Practical Perspective: Balancing Power 17Summary 18Problems 19 Chapter 2 Circuit Elements 24Practical Perspective: Electrical Safety 252.1 Voltage and Current Sources 262.2 Electrical Resistance (Ohm's Law) 302.3 Construction of a Circuit Model 342.4 Kirchhoff's Laws 372.5 Analysis of a Circuit Containing Dependent Sources 42Practical Perspective: Electrical Safety 46Summary 47Problems 48 Chapter 3 Simple Resistive Circuits 56Practical Perspective: A Rear Window Defroster 573.1 Resistors in Series 583.2 Resistors in Parallel 593.3 The Voltage-Divider and Current-DividerCircuits 613.4 Voltage Division and Current Division 643.5 Measuring Voltage and Current 663.6 Measuring Resistance-The Wheatstone Bridge 693.7 Delta-to-Wye (Pi-to-Tee) Equivalent Circuits 71Practical Perspective: A Rear Window Defroster 73Summary 76Problems 77 Chapter 4 Techniques of Circuit Analysis 88Practical Perspective: Circuits with Realistic Resistors 894.1 Terminology 904.2 Introduction to the Node-Voltage Method 934.3 The Node-Voltage Method and Dependent Sources 954.4 The Node-Voltage Method: Some Special Cases 964.5 Introduction to the Mesh-Current Method 994.6 The Mesh-Current Method and Dependent Sources 1024.7 The Mesh-Current Method: Some Special Cases 1034.8 The Node-Voltage Method Versus the Mesh-Current Method 1064.9 Source Transformations 1094.10 Thevenin and Norton Equivalents 1134.11 More on Deriving a Thevenin Equivalent 1174.12 Maximum Power Transfer 1204.13 Superposition 122Practical Perspective: Circuits with Realistic Resistors 125Summary 129Problems 130 Chapter 5 The Operational Amplifier 144Practical Perspective: Strain Gages 1455.1 Operational Amplifier Terminals 1465.2 Terminal Voltages and Currents 1465.3 The Inverting-Amplifier Circuit 1505.4 The Summing-Amplifier Circuit 1525.5 The Noninverting-Amplifier Circuit 1535.6 The Difference-Amplifier Circuit 1555.7 A More Realistic Model for the Operational Amplifier 159Practical Perspective: Strain Gages 162Summary 164Problems 165 Chapter 6 Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance 174Practical Perspective: Proximity Switches 1756.1 The Inductor 1766.2 The Capacitor 1826.3 Series-Parallel Combinations of Inductance and Capacitance 1876.4 Mutual Inductance 1896.5 A Closer Look at Mutual Inductance 193Practical Perspective: Proximity Switches 200Summary 203Problems 204 Chapter 7 Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits 212Practical Perspective: A Flashing Light Circuit 2137.1 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit 2147.2 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit 2207.3 The Step Response of RL and RC Circuits 2247.4 A General Solution for Step and Natural Responses 2317.5 Sequential Switching 2367.6 Unbounded Response 2407.7 The Integrating Amplifier 241Practical Perspective: A Flashing Light Circuit 245Summary 246Problems 247 Chapter 8 Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits 264Practical Perspective: An Ignition Circuit 2658.1 Introduction to the Natural Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit 2668.2 The Forms of the Natural Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit 2708.3 The Step Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit 2808.4 The Natural and Step Response of a Series RLC Circuit 2858.5 A Circuit with Two Integrating Amplifiers 289Practical Perspective: An Ignition Circuit 294Summary 297Problems 298 Chapter 9 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 306Practical Perspective: A Household Distribution Circuit 3079.1 The Sinusoidal Source 3089.2 The Sinusoidal Response 3119.3 The Phasor 3129.4 The Passive Circuit Elements in the Frequency Domain 3179.5 Kirchhoff's Laws in the Frequency Domain 3219.6 Series, Parallel, and Delta-to-Wye Simplifications 3229.7 Source Transformations and Thevenin-Norton Equivalent Circuits 3299.8 The Node-Voltage Method 3329.9 The Mesh-Current Method 3339.10 The Transformer 3349.11 The Ideal Transformer 3389.12 Phasor Diagrams 344Practical Perspective: A Household Distribution Circuit 346Summary 347Problems 348 Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power Calculations 360Practical Perspective: Heating Appliances 36110.1 Instantaneous Power 36210.2 Average and Reactive Power 36310.3 The rms Value and Power Calculations 36810.4 Complex Power 37010.5 Power Calculations 37110.6 Maximum Power Transfer 378Practical Perspective: Heating Appliances 384Summary 386Problems 387 Chapter 11 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 398Practical Perspective: Transmission and Distribution of Electric Power 39911.1 Balanced Three-Phase Voltages 40011.2 Three-Phase Voltage Sources 40111.3 Analysis of the Wye-Wye Circuit 40211.4 Analysis of the Wye-Delta Circuit 40711.5 Power Calculations in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 41011.6 Measuring Average Power in Three-Phase Circuits 415Practical Perspective: Transmission and Distribution of Electric Power 418Summary 419Problems 420 Chapter 12 Introduction to the Laplace Transform 428Practical Perspective: Transient Effects 42912.1 Definition of the Laplace Transform 43012.2 The Step Function 43112.3 The Impulse Function 43312.4 Functional Transforms 43612.5 Operational Transforms 43712.6 Applying the Laplace Transform 44212.7 Inverse Transforms 44412.8 Poles and Zeros of F(s) 45412.9 Initial- and Final-Value Theorems 455Practical Perspective: Transient Effects 458Summary 459Problems 460 Chapter 13 The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis 466Practical Perspective: Surge Suppressors 46713.1 Circuit Elements in the s Domain 46813.2 Circuit Analysis in the s Domain 47013.3 Applications 47213.4 The Transfer Function 48413.5 The Transfer Function in Partial Fraction Expansions 48613.6 The Transfer Function and the Convolution Integral 48913.7 The Transfer Function and the Steady-State Sinusoidal Response 49513.8 The Impulse Function in Circuit Analysis 498Practical Perspective: Surge Suppressors 505Summary 506Problems 507 Chapter 14 Introduction to Frequency Selective Circuits 522Practical Perspective: Pushbutton Telephone Circuits 52314.1 Some Preliminaries 52414.2 Low-Pass Filters 52614.3 High-Pass Filters 53214.4 Bandpass Filters 53614.5 Bandreject Filters 545Practical Perspective: Pushbutton Telephone Circuits 550Summary 550Problems 551 Chapter 15 Active Filter Circuits 558Practical Perspective: Bass Volume Control 55915.1 First-Order Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters 56015.2 Scaling 56415.3 Op Amp Bandpass and Bandreject Filters 56615.4 Higher Order Op Amp Filters 57315.5 Narrowband Bandpass and Bandreject Filters 586Practical Perspective: Bass Volume Control 591Summary 594Problems 595 Chapter 16 Fourier Series 604Practical Perspective: Active High-Q Filters 60516.1 Fourier Series Analysis: An Overview 60716.2 The Fourier Coefficients 60816.3 The Effect of Symmetry on the Fourier Coefficients 61116.4 An Alternative Trigonometric Form of the Fourier Series 61716.5 An Application 61916.6 Average-Power Calculations with Periodic Functions 62316.7 The rms Value of a Periodic Function 62616.8 The Exponential Form of the Fourier Series 62716.9 Amplitude and Phase Spectra 630Practical Perspective: Active High-Q Filters 632Summary 634Problems 635 Chapter 17 The Fourier Transform 644Practical Perspective: Filtering Digital Signals 64517.1 The Derivation of the Fourier Transform 64617.2 The Convergence of the Fourier Integral 64817.3 Using Laplace Transforms to Find Fourier Transforms 65017.4 Fourier Transforms in the Limit 65317.5 Some Mathematical Properties 65517.6 Operational Transforms 65717.7 Circuit Applications 66117.8 Parseval's Theorem 664Practical Perspective: Filtering Digital Signals 671Summary 672Problems 672 Chapter 18 Two-Port Circuits 678Practical Perspective: Characterizing an Unknown Circuit 67918.1 The Terminal Equations 68018.2 The Two-Port Parameters 68118.3 Analysis of the Terminated Two-Port Circuit 68918.4 Interconnected Two-Port Circuits 694Practical Perspective: Characterizing an Unknown Circuit 697Summary 698Problems 698Appendix A The Solution of Linear Simultaneous Equations 705A.1 Preliminary Steps 705A.2 Cramer's Method 706A.3 The Characteristic Determinant 706A.4 The Numerator Determinant 706A.5 The Evaluation of a Determinant 707A.6 Matrices 709A.7 Matrix Algebra 710A.8 Identity, Adjoint, and Inverse Matrices 714A.9 Partitioned Matrices 717A.10 Applications 720Appendix B Complex Numbers 725B.1 Notation 725B.2 The Graphical Representation of a Complex Number 726B.3 Arithmetic Operations 727B.4 Useful Identities 728B.5 The Integer Power of a Complex Number 729B.6 The Roots of a Complex Number 729Appendix C More on Magnetically Coupled Coils and Ideal Transformers 731C.1 Equivalent Circuits for Magnetically Coupled Coils 731C.2 The Need for Ideal Transformers in the Equivalent Circuits 735Appendix D The Decibel 739Appendix E Bode Diagrams 741E.1 Real, First-Order Poles and Zeros 741E.2 Straight-Line Amplitude Plots 742E.3 More Accurate Amplitude Plots 746E.4 Straight-Line Phase Angle Plots 747E.5 Bode Diagrams: Complex Poles and Zeros 749E.6 Amplitude Plots 751E.7 Correcting Straight-Line Amplitude Plots 752E.8 Phase Angle Plots 755Appendix G An Abbreviated Table of Integrals 761Appendix H Common Standard Component Values 763Answers to Selected Problems 765Index 781