1. Introduction (Elaine Marshack) 2. Alexander Marshack and Harvard University’s Peabody Museum (C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky) 3. Calendars, Cosmologies, and the Unwritten Record in Ancient Mesoamerica (Anthony Aveni) 4. First Things First: Abstract and Figurative Artistic Expressions in the Levant (Anna Belfer-Cohen and Ofer Bar-Yosef) 5. Seals from the Magdalenian site of Gonnersdorf (Rhineland, Germany) (Gerhard Bosinski and Hannelore Bosinski) 6. Support for a New Sky Hero from a Conquered Land (John Clegg) 7. Eye and Vision in Paleolithic Art (Brigitte and Gilles Delluc) 8. The Oldest Representation of Childbirth (Francesco d’Errico) 9. Hunting the European Sky Bears: A Diachronic Analysis of Santa Claus and His Helpers (Roslyn Frank) 10. After the Ice Age: How Calendar-Keeping Shaped Early Social Structuring (Michael Hudson) 11. The Crow, the Cup, and the Water Snake: Celestial Seasonality of Figs and Rain (E. C. Krupp) 12. Claw Marks and Ritual Traces in the Paleolithic Sanctuaries of the Quercy (Michel Lorblanchet) 13. Alexander Marshack: His Original Views and Thoughts. A Remarkable Contribution to the Evolution of Research: the Contribution of a Fascinating Session of Work at Gouy (Yves Martin) 14. The Venus of Macomer: A Little-Known Prehistoric Figurine from Sardinia (Margherita Mussi) 15. Chasing Thoughts Lost Thirty Millennia Ago (Elena Okladnikova) 16. Paleolithic Mosaics (Marcel Otte) 17. The Chauvet Conundrum: Are Claims for the “Birthplace of Art” Premature? (Paul Pettitt, Paul Bahn, and Christian Zuchner) 18. Communication with Symbols: Art and Writing (Denise Schmandt-Besserat) 19. Four Forms of Finger Flutings as Seen in Rouffignac Cave, France (Kevin Sharpe and Leslie Van Gelder) 20. Defining Modernity, Establishing Rubicons, Imagining the Other – and the Neanderthal Enigma (Olga Soffer) 21. Evolution and the Human Capacity (Ian Tattersall) 22. Jean Vertut (Alexander Marshack, with an introduction by Paul Bahn)