Written by accomplished historians and scholars Commins and Lesch, this third edition updates and expands previous ones. It provides entries about historically significant persons, events, places, and institutions, starting from 3500 BCE. This historical dictionary is unique in featuring two chronologies and essentially two separate introductions. The first chronology and introduction provide a time line and broad overview of Syria's history to the present era. Entries are well written and organized alphabetically. The second chronology and time line are dedicated to the ongoing Syrian uprising. The introduction contextualizes the Syrian uprising within the broader Arab Spring movement and provides readers with a good overview of how the present situation in Syria developed. The chronology offers information through June 2013. While the dictionary portion in the book's first section is organized like those in other historical dictionaries in the series, with subjects intermingled alphabetically, the portion focusing on the uprising is organized by categories and then alphabetically. The extensive bibliography is divided into 30 different subjects to help readers discover additional references. This volume's special focus on the Syrian uprising makes it an especially valuable addition to university collections. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-level undergraduates through researchers/faculty. * CHOICE *Syria, one of the most important countries in the Middle East, has undergone tremendous change since the 2d edition (2004) of this valuable reference work, the only volume in English specifically devoted to the country. Particularly significant changes have transpired since 2011 with the Arab uprising when Syrians took to the streets demanding a new regime. Tens of thousands of Syrians have been killed, some 25 percent of the population has fled the country, and much of the government has deteriorated. The new edition contains more than 500 entries on the most important political figures and events, religious groups and movements, economic sectors, social institutions, and cultural facets. Nearly 150 new entries have been added and more than 50 entries have been updated. Greater attention is given to social institutions, cultural aspects, and economic issues. Besides the alphabetically arranged entries, the volume contains a chronology; extensive bibliography; Websites and Internet resources; and a specific section dedicated to the Syrian uprising. The author is a specialist who first studied in Syria as an undergraduate and has resided there for extensive periods of time. This very fine reference work should be acquired in all large libraries with full coverage of Middle East reference tools. * American Reference Books Annual *