Figures viii Acknowledgements ix 1 Solidarity and Spectatorship 1 Introduction: 'Find your Feeling' 1 Th e instrumentalization of humanitarianism 5 Solidarity without 'grand narratives' 9 The technologization of communication 15 The ethics of objectivity 21 Conclusion: on this book 24 2 The Humanitarian Imaginary 26 Introduction: communicating vulnerability 26 The theatricality of humanitarianism 27 Critiques of the theatricality of humanitarianism 36 The humanitarian imaginary 43 Conclusion: on the performances of the imaginary 52 3 Appeals 54 Introduction: the paradox of appeals 54 The crisis of the theatre of pity 55 The controversy around appeals 57 The reflexive styles of appealing 65 Reflexive appeals and their authenticity effects 73 Conclusion: the ambivalence of 'cool' activism 76 4 Celebrity 78 Introduction: the celebrity as expert performer 78 Theatre, celebrity, authenticity 79 The celebrity controversy 83 The performativity of celebrity humanitarianism 88 'Moments' of humanitarian performance 90 Celebrity and its authenticity eff ects 98 Conclusion: towards a utilitarian altruism 104 5 Concerts 106 Introduction: rock as ritual ceremonies 106 Aid concerts: communitas or cynicism? 108 An analytics of ceremonial performativity: Live Aid and Live 8 114 The authenticity effects of ceremonial humanitarianism 132 Conclusion: towards a strategic morality of solidarity 136 6 News 138 Introduction: the moral appeal of news 138 The theatricality of journalism 140 The controversy around television witnessing 144 The analysis of narrative aesthetics 149 News narratives: a typology of witnessing 153 The authenticity eff ects of news: from narrative to database 164 Conclusion: objectivity or therapy? 170 7 Theatricality, Irony, Solidarity 172 Introduction: the historical shifts of humanitarianism 172 Post-humanitarianism: solidarity as irony 174 Post-humanitarianism as neoliberalism 179 Beyond irony: solidarity as agonism 188 Conclusion: on being good 203 Notes 206 References 215 Index 232

WINNER of the 2015 ICA Outstanding Book Award "This book achieves a rare combination of opening new analytical and theoretical ground while retaining direct and lucid engagement with critical and urgent human concerns."—The British Journal of Sociology "The Ironic Spectator, therefore, is not only an eminent work of media studies scholarship that presents a detailed and inspiring analytical framework. Its theorization of post-humanitarianism and the aesthetic and sociopolitical questions posed by new media practices deserves to earn it a wide readership in all disciplines interested in contemporary popular culture and world politics."—European Journal of Communication "The significance of The Ironic Spectator for students and scholars of contemporary media, international relations, 'development', and the broader social sciences, and, ideally, people working within media, for NGOs and INGOs, and the wider humanitarian and development sectors, cannot be overstated."—Social Semiotics "Chouliaraki conducts an impressive, interdisciplinary analysis. She embraces the paradoxes and ambivalences of each genre, presenting a state of the art critique, and thoroughly analysing the genre's past and present form in order to suggest how the changes in communicative structure may affect how we are invited to act on distant others."—The Journal of Development Studies "Chouliaraki qualifies as a high priestess of the representation of suffering and how we engage with distant others. She dissects with great clarity exactly what is taking place in this post humanitarian sensibility and how supporters are now being drawn in to apparently care and show solidarity with distant sufferers."—LSE Review of Books "As refreshing and enervating as a cold mountain spring on a hot day. Chouliaraki has extraordinary ability to condense and parse complex debates briskly."—Journal of International Development "The Spectatorship of Suffering, by Lilie Chouliaraki, rapidly became a classic, present on almost every key and suggested reading list on courses dealing with global media and international journalism.... Therefore, The Ironic Spectator is a more than welcome contribution to this field, offering an opportunity to discuss one of the most pressing issues in media and journalism studies. In this book, she deals with the issue of humanitarian communication, offering a comprehensive set of arguments which makes us think truly out of the box."—Digital Journalism "Lilie Chouliaraki's The Ironic Spectator is the best journalism book for 2013."—Prof. Bob Franklin, Cardiff University; editor of Journalism Studies "The Ironic Spectator will have far-reaching impact, as its arguments unsettle accepted paradigms in media ethics and development studies, but also in political communication, journalism, and social theory. Written in her distinctively lyrical prose, Lilie Chouliaraki's latest book inspires us to judge not only the efficiencies but the ethics of humanitarian projects. With it, we can no longer deny the infinite folly in failing to factor in the moral cost of self-centered communication."—Journal of Communication "In 2006 Lilie Chouliaraki published The Spectatorship of Suffering which is commonly considered to be a seminal work within the young and emerging field of research that concerns itself with the issue of mediated disasters and human suffering.... It is fair to say that Chouliaraki has raised the bar once more with her more recent contribution to this field, The Ironic Spectator, which discerns important differentiations, distinctions and transformations at work in the humanitarian mediation of human suffering while also reflecting on broader societal developments."—International Journal of Communication "Chouliaraki provides us with an exceptionally rich, detailed and comprehensive framework for understanding the moral role of the media in our time. The Ironic Spectator ... offers a compelling account of how humanitarian communications have become increasingly focused on the self, rather than the other, but also, perhaps more importantly, it offers an equally compelling normative vision of what humanitarian communication should look like."—Critical Discourse Studies "An exceptionally important work.... We should be grateful to Lilie Chouliaraki for providing such inspiration and challenge."—Communications "How can humanitarian communication move beyond the pitfalls of both traditional humanitarianism (which can reinforce stereotypical images of helpless victims from the South) and of post-humanitarianism? Chouliaraki provides an alternative theoretical model based on theatricality, but the extent to which it can be enforced in practice remains to be seen. Indeed, this is precisely why her book – written with brio, depth and sensitivity – is so valuable, and deserves attention. The Ironic Spectator is a must-read for anyone professing to a level of social consciousness, and proves that academic debates can play a role in both fostering improved ethics in the context of a pervasive aspect of contemporary global life, as well as informing new humanitarian practices."—Global Journal "Lilie Chouliaraki is the Aristotle of mediated humanitarianism. With empirical finesse and theoretical bite, she shows how compassion for distant suffering turned from pity into glitz. And yet she defends theatricality as a potential moral force if checked by critical self-awareness. This book casts desperately needed light onto media and morality today."—John Durham Peters, University of Iowa "In this breakthrough investigation, Lilie Chouliaraki brings a 'sceptical optimism' to bear on humanitarian politics today. With its theoretical finesse and rich cases, The Ironic Spectator shows the transformations solidarity has recently undergone, and still needs to make, as citizens seek an emotional connection to a tragic but distant world."—Samuel Moyn, Columbia University, author of The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History "The Ironic Spectator is a profoundly arresting argument for our global and mediated times. With razor intelligence, Chouliaraki slices into old debates, salvages what's still of use and structures new analytical constructs for the exploration of the possibilities of cosmopolitan solidarity in a 'post-humanitarian' world. Brilliant, disturbing, humane."—Simon Cottle, Cardiff University "Lilie Chouliaraki provides us with excellent intellectual food for thought to keep 'us' (academics, teachers, development 'experts',...) on our toes!"—Aidnography Blog