This book seeks to provide a comprehensive coverage of the important and growing field of ladle metallurgy, including theory, practice, and economics. indeed, secondary metallurgy, that is, the ladle treatment of molten metals, following the melting and refining steps, has become an important and inevitable part of the overall processing sequence.

1 Overview of Injection Technology.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Apparatus.- 1.3 Hot Metal Pretreatment.- 1.4 Steel Refining.- 1.5 Foundry.- 1.6 Copper.- 1.7 Aluminium.- 1.8 Ferro Alloy.- References.- 2 The Fundamental Aspects of Injection Metallurgy.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Thermodynamics.- 2.3 Gas and Solids Delivery.- 2.4 Injection of Particles into Melts.- 2.5 The Kinetics of Ladle Metallurgy Operations.- 2.6 Fluid Flow and Mixing in Ladle Metallurgy Systems.- 2.7 Convective Mass Transfer and Kinetics.- 2.8 Heat Transfer.- References.- 3 Injection Practice in the Secondary Metallurgy of Steel.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Description of the Process.- 3.3 Theoretical Approach to Powder Injection.- 3.4 Discussion of the Results Obtained with Powder Injection.- 3.5 Costs and Productivity.- 3.6 Future Aspects.- References.- 4 Economic Considerations.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Unit Pric.- 4.3 Consumption.- 4.4 Capital Costs.- 4.5 Economic Interactions with Other Processes.- 5 Testing Technique for Powder Injection.- 5.1 Dry Blowing Tests.- 5.2 Screen Analysis.- 5.3 Hand Test of Powder Material.- 5.4 Water Model Tests.- 5.5 Angle of Repose.- References.