1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Types of Material Failure 2 1.3 Design and Materials Selection 10 1.4 Technological Challenge 16 1.5 Economic Importance of Fracture 18 1.6 Summary 19 References 20 Problems and Questions 20   2 Structure and Deformation in Materials 22 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 Bonding in Solids 24 2.3 Structure in Crystalline Materials 28 2.4 Elastic Deformation and Theoretical Strength 32 2.5 Inelastic Deformation 37 2.6 Summary 43 References 44 Problems and Questions 45   3 A Survey of Engineering Materials 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Alloying and Processing of Metals 48 3.3 Irons and Steels 54 3.4 Nonferrous Metals 62 3.5 Polymers 66 3.6 Ceramics and Glasses 76 3.7 Composite Materials 82 3.8 Materials Selection for Engineering Components 87 3.9 Summary 93 References 95 Problems and Questions 96   4 Mechanical Testing: Tension Test and Other Basic Tests 100 4.1 Introduction 100 4.2 Introduction to Tension Test 105 4.3 Engineering Stress—Strain Properties 110 4.4 Trends in Tensile Behavior 119 4.5 True Stress—Strain Interpretation of Tension Test 125 4.6 Compression Test 133 4.7 Hardness Tests 139 4.8 Notch-Impact Tests 146 4.9 Bending and Torsion Tests 151 4.10 Summary 157 References 158 Problems and Questions 159   5 Stress—Strain Relationships and Behavior 172 5.1 Introduction 172 5.2 Models for Deformation Behavior 173 5.3 Elastic Deformation 183 5.4 Anisotropic Materials 196 5.5 Summary 205 References 207 Problems and Questions 207   6 Review of Complex and Principal States of Stress and Strain 216 6.1 Introduction 216 6.2 Plane Stress 217 6.3 Principal Stresses and the Maximum Shear Stress 227 6.4 Three-Dimensional States of Stress 235 6.5 Stresses on the Octahedral Planes 242 6.6 Complex States of Strain 244 6.7 Summary 249 References 251 Problems and Questions 251   7 Yielding and Fracture under Combined Stresses 257 7.1 Introduction 257 7.2 General Form of Failure Criteria 259 7.3 Maximum Normal Stress Fracture Criterion 261 7.4 Maximum Shear Stress Yield Criterion 264 7.5 Octahedral Shear Stress Yield Criterion 270 7.6 Discussion of the Basic Failure Criteria 277 7.7 Coulomb—Mohr Fracture Criterion 283 7.8 Modified Mohr Fracture Criterion 293 7.9 Additional Comments on Failure Criteria 300 7.10 Summary 303 References 304 Problems and Questions 305   8 Fracture of Cracked Members 316 8.1 Introduction 316 8.2 Preliminary Discussion 319 8.3 Mathematical Concepts 326 8.4 Application of K to Design and Analysis 330 8.5 Additional Topics on Application of K 341 8.6 Fracture Toughness Values and Trends 353 8.7 Plastic Zone Size, and Plasticity Limitations on LEFM 363 8.8 Discussion of Fracture Toughness Testing 372 8.9 Extensions of Fracture Mechanics Beyond Linear Elasticity 373 8.10 Summary 380 References 383 Problems and Questions 384   9 Fatigue of Materials: Introduction and Stress-Based Approach 398 9.1 Introduction 398 9.2 Definitions and Concepts 400 9.3 Sources of Cyclic Loading 411 9.4 Fatigue Testing 412 9.5 The Physical Nature of Fatigue Damage 417 9.6 Trends in S-N Curves 423 9.7 Mean Stresses 433 9.8 Multiaxial Stresses 445 9.9 Variable Amplitude Loading 450 9.10 Summar

•  Specific and useful coverage in a single resource — Tackles materials testing, yield criteria, stress-based fatigue, fracture mechanics, crack growth, strain-based fatigue, and creep.   • Thorough coverage of fatigue of materials — Addresses all three major approaches, including: stress-based approach; crack growth approach, and strain-based approach.   • Realistic data — Employs actual laboratory data on real engineering materials in all illustrations, examples, and problems that involve materials data, giving students realistic impressions as to the actual values and behavior for the material involved.   • Standard test methods for determining mechanical properties of materials — Summarizes methods for students and provides an understanding of the principles behind each test method. Example property data are given, as is a discussion of trends in the properties.   • Substantial reference lists at the end of each chapter — Delivers additional information for student design or research projects, for practicing engineers needing more detailed information, or for instructors planning lectures where special detail is desired. Where appropriate, lists are subdivided to identify special categories, such as sources of stress analysis solutions or materials properties.   • Comprehensive appendices — Appendix A offers a concise summary of equations for calculating stresses and deflections for simple engineering components such as beams, shafts, and pressure vessels. Appendix B provides an introduction to statistical data analysis and variation in materials properties.   • Comprehensive instructor resources — Features text illustrations, Microsoft Excel® files for most of the example problems in the text, and solutions to end-of-chapter problems for which calculation or a difficult derivation is required.

The end-of-chapter problems and questions are extensively revised, with 35% being new or significantly changed, and with the overall number increased by 50 to approximately 655. In each chapter, at least 33% of the problems and questions are new or changed, and these revisions emphasize the more basic topics where instructors are most likely to concentrate. New to this edition, answers for approximately half of the problems and questions are given near the end of the book. The end-of-chapter reference lists are reworked and updated to include recent publications, including databases of materials properties. Treatment of the methodology for estimating S-N curves in Chapter 10 is revised, and also updated to reflect changes in widely used mechanical design textbooks. In Chapter 12, the example problem on fitting stress-strain curves is improved, and the discussion of multiaxial stress is refined, including adding a new example. Mean stress effects for strain-life curves in Chapter 14 is given revised and updated coverage.