List of Maps List of Charts and Genealogies Preface to the Seventh Edition Preface to the First Edition 1. Geographic Prologue 2. Pre-Islamic Politics and Society in the Middle East 3. Muhammad: His Life and Leadership 4. The Establishment of the Muslim State 5. The Spread and Organization of the Muslim Empire Under the Umayyads 6. The Flowering of the Muslim World Under the Early Abbasids 7. Islam 8. Muslim Theology and Law 9. Muslim Civilization in the Middle East 10. Social Patterns 11. The Early Medieval Middle East 12. The Late Medieval Middle East 13. The Byzantine Empire 14. Ottoman Origins and Early History 15. The Winning of the Ottoman Empire 16. Expansion of the Ottoman Empire 17. Institutions of the Ottoman Empire 18. The Ottoman Empire as a World Power 19. The Flowering and Collapse of Safavid Iran 20. The Transformation of the Ottoman Empire 21. The Retreat of the Ottoman Empire Begins 22. The Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon 23. Mahmud II: Greek Nationalism and Ottoman Reform 24. Mehmet Ali, Ismail, and the Development of Egypt 25. Ottoman Tanzimat and European Ambitions 26. Abdulhamid II and Autocratic Reform 27. The Young Turks and Nationalism 28. British Occupation of Egypt and the Sudan 29. Qajar Iran and Reform 30. Iran's Constitutional Revolution 31. Impact of World War I upon the Middle East 32. The Turkish Republic Under Ataturk 33. Iran Between the Two World Wars 34. Egypt, the Sudan, and Libya 35. Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq Under the Mandate System 36. Palestine and Transjordan 37. World War II and the Middle East 38. Turkey from 1945 to 1980 39. Turkey Becomes More Democratic 40. Iran: Oil, Nationalism, Royal Dictatorship, and Social Change 41. The Islamic Republic of Iran 42. Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Wars in Afghanistan 43. The Partition of Palestine: Israel and Hashimite Jordan 44. Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinians After 1973 45. The Egyptian Republic and Independent Sudan 46. Egypt, Sudan, and Libya Since 1970 47. Independent Lebanon and Syria 48. Iraq After World War II 49. Smaller Arabian States 50. Saudi Arabia, Oil, and O.P.E.C 51. Trends Since 1945 GlossaryChronologyList of WebsitesIndex