Preface v 1. Some Deficiencies of Classical Physics 1 1.1 Review of Classical Physics 3 1.2 Deficiencies in Classical Concepts of Space and Time 11 1.3 Deficiencies in the Classical Theory of Particle Statistics 13 1.4 Theory, Experiment, Law 21 Questions 22 Problems 23 2. The Special Theory of Relativity 25 2.1 Classical Relativity 26 2.2 The Michelson–Morley Experiment 29 2.3 Einstein’s Postulates 31 2.4 Consequences of Einstein’s Postulates 32 2.5 The Lorentz Transformation 41 2.6 The Twin Paradox 46 2.7 Relativistic Dynamics 48 2.8 Conservation Laws in Relativistic Decays and Collisions 54 2.9 Experimental Tests of Special Relativity 58 Questions 65 Problems 66 3. The Particle-Like Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation 71 3.1 Review of Electromagnetic Waves 72 3.2 The Photoelectric Effect 77 3.3 Thermal Radiation 83 3.4 The Compton Effect 90 3.5 Other Photon Processes 93 3.6 Particles or Waves 96 Questions 99 Problems 100 4. The Wavelike Properties of Particles 105 4.1 De Broglie’s Hypothesis 106 4.2 Experimental Evidence for De Broglie Waves 108 4.3 Uncertainty Relationships for Classical Waves 115 4.4 Heisenberg Uncertainty Relationships 118 4.5 Wave Packets 124 4.6 The Motion of a Wave Packet 128 4.7 Probability and Randomness 131 Questions 133 Problems 134 5. The Schrödinger Equation 139 5.1 Behavior of a Wave at a Boundary 140 5.2 Confining a Particle 144 5.3 The Schrödinger Equation 146 5.4 Applications of the Schrödinger Equation 150 5.5 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator 162 5.6 Steps and Barriers 165 Questions 173 Problems 174 6. The Rutherford-Bohr Model of the Atom 177 6.1 Basic Properties of Atoms 178 6.2 Scattering Experiments and the Thomson Model 179 6.3 The Rutherford Nuclear Atom 182 6.4 Line Spectra 188 6.5 The Bohr Model 191 6.6 The Franck-Hertz Experiment 197 6.7 The Correspondence Principle 199 6.8 Deficiencies of the Bohr Model 201 Questions 203 Problems 203 7. The Hydrogen Atom in Wave Mechanics 207 7.1 A One-Dimensional Atom 208 7.2 Angular Momentum in the Hydrogen Atom 210 7.3 The Hydrogen Atom Wave Functions 213 7.4 Radial Probability Densities 218 7.5 Angular Probability Densities 220 7.6 Intrinsic Spin 222 7.7 Energy Levels and Spectroscopic Notation 227 7.8 The Zeeman Effect 228 7.9 Fine Structure 230 Questions 232 Problems 233 8. Many-Electron Atoms 237 8.1 The Pauli Exclusion Principle 238 8.2 Electronic States in Many-Electron Atoms 240 8.3 Outer Electrons: Screening and Optical Transitions 244 8.4 Properties of the Elements 248 8.5 Inner Electrons: Absorption Edges and X Rays 253 8.6 Addition of Angular Momenta 257 8.7 Lasers 261 Questions 265 Problems 266 9. Molecular Structure 269 9.1 The Hydrogen Molecule 270 9.2 Covalent Bonding in Molecules 274 9.3 Ionic Bonding 282 9.4 Molecular Vibrations 286 9.5 Molecular Rotations 290 9.6 Molecular Spectra 294 Questions 298 Problems 299 10. Statistical Physics 303 10.1 Statistical Analysis 304 10.2 Classical and Quantum Statistics 306 10.3 The Density of States 310 10.4 The Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution 315 10.5 Quantum Statistics 321 10.6 Applications of Bose–Einstein Statistics 324 10.7 Applications of Fermi–Dirac Statistics 330 Questions 336 Problems 337 11. Solid-State Physics 341 11.1 Crystal Structures 342 11.2 The Heat Capacity of Solids 350 11.3 Electrons in Metals 354 11.4 Band Theory of Solids 358 11.5 Superconductivity 364 11.6 Intrinsic and Impurity Semiconductors 369 11.7 Semiconductor Devices 372 11.8 Magnetic Materials 376 Questions 383 Problems 384 12. Nuclear Structure and Radioactivity 389 12.1 Nuclear Constituents 390 12.2 Nuclear Sizes and Shapes 392 12.3 Nuclear Masses and Binding Energies 394 12.4 The Nuclear Force 399 12.5 Quantum States in Nuclei 401 12.6 Radioactive Decay 403 12.7 Alpha Decay 407 12.8 Beta Decay 410 12.9 Gamma Decay and Nuclear Excited States 414 12.10 Natural Radioactivity 418 Questions 421 Problems 423 13. Nuclear Reactions and Applications 427 13.1 Types of Nuclear Reactions 428 13.2 Radioisotope Production in Nuclear Reactions 432 13.3 Low-Energy Reaction Kinematics 434 13.4 Fission 437 13.5 Fusion 443 13.6 Nucleosynthesis 450 13.7 Applications of Nuclear Physics 453 Questions 459 Problems 459 14. Elementary Particles 463 14.1 The Four Basic Forces 464 14.2 Classifying Particles 466 14.3 Conservation Laws 471 14.4 Particle Interactions and Decays 475 14.5 Energy and Momentum in Particle Decays 481 14.6 Energy and Momentum in Particle Reactions 483 14.7 The Quark Structure of Mesons and Baryons 487 14.8 The Standard Model 494 Questions 499 Problems 499 15. Cosmology: The Origin and Fate of the Universe 503 15.1 The Expansion of the Universe 504 15.2 The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation 508 15.3 Dark Matter 510 15.4 The General Theory of Relativity 512 15.5 Tests of General Relativity 519 15.6 Stellar Evolution and Black Holes 523 15.7 Cosmology and General Relativity 528 15.8 The Big Bang Cosmology 530 15.9 The Formation of Nuclei and Atoms 533 15.10 Experimental Cosmology 536 Questions 541 Problems 542 Appendix A: Constants and Conversion Factors 545 Appendix B: Complex Numbers 547 Appendix C: Periodic Table of the Elements 549 Appendix D: Table of Atomic Masses 551 Appendix E: Some Milestones in the History of Modern Physics 561 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 565 Index 569 Index to Tables 577