Preface 13 Introduction 15 Chapter 1 Rococo, Enlightenment, and the Call for a New Art in the Mid Eighteenth Century 20 The Emergence of the Rococo during the Reign of Louis XV 21 Decorative Paintings, Sculptures, and Porcelains 23 The Enlightenment and the Encyclopedie 26 The Rococo outside France 28 Eighteenth-Century Art in Northern Europe 31 The Eighteenth-Century Artist: Between Patronage and the Art Market 33 The Education of the Artist and the Academy 36 Academy Exhibitions 37 Salon Critics and the Call for a New Art in France 38 Count d'Angiviller and the Promotion of Virtuous Art 39 Reynolds and the Call for a New Art in Britain 43 Boxes Reproducing Works of Art 33 Chapter 2 The Classical Paradigm44 Winckelmann and Reflections on the Imitation of Greek Works in Painting and Sculpture 45 Classical Art and Idealism 46 Contour 47 Archaeology and the Discovery of Pompeii and Herculaneum 48 Winckelmann's History of Ancient Art 49 Greece and Rome 50 The Beginnings of Neoclassicism 52 David 58 Sculpture 62 Canova 63 Thorvaldsen 66 Flaxman 67 The Industrial Revolution and the Popularization of Neoclassicism 69 The Neoclassical Home 71 Boxes The Elgin Marbles 50 The Grand Tour 53 Chapter 3 British Art during the Late Georgian Period74 The Sublime 75 The Lure of the Middle Ages 76 Horace Walpole, William Beckford, and the Taste for the "Gothick" in Architecture 77 The Sublime and the Gothick in Painting: Benjamin West 80 Boydell's Shakespeare Gallery 82 Henry Fuseli 83 William Blake 85 Visual Satire 92 Grand Manner and Bourgeois Portraits 94 Box Georgian Britain 76 Chapter 4 Art and Revolutionary Propaganda in France98 Marie Antionette, Before and After 100 David's Brutus 102 Commemorating the Heroes and Martyrs of the Revolution 104 Creating a Revolutionary Iconography 107 Pierre-Paul Prud'hon 108 Quatremere de Quincy, the Pantheon, and the Absent Republican Monument 109 Demolition as Propaganda 112 Box Major Events of the French Revolution 1789-1795 100 Chapter 5 The Arts under Napoleon114 The Rise of Napoleon 116 Vivant Denon and the Napoleon Museum 117 Napoleonic Public Monuments 118 Empire Style 120 The Imperial Image 123 Antoine-Jean Gros and the Napoleonic Epic 131 The School of David and the "Crisis" of the Male Nude 132 The Transformation of History Painting: New Subjects and Sensibilities 137 The Lesser Genres: Genre, Portraiture, and Landscape 139 Boxes Napoleonic Battles 117 Painting Genres and their Hierarchy 142 Chapter 6 Francisco Goya and Spanish Art at the Turn of the Eighteenth Century144 Court Patronage under Carlos III: Tiepolo and Mengs 145 The Making of Francisco Goya 148 Goya as Court Painter 151 Goya's Prints 153 The Execution of the Rebels 156 Quinta del Sordo 158 Spanish Art after Goya 158 Box Etching 154 Chapter 7 The Beginnings of Romanticism in the German Speaking World160 The Romantic Movement 161 Early Nazarenes: Friedrich Overbeck and Franz Pforr 162 Peter Cornelius and the Transformation of Nazarene Art 166 German Painting in Context 167 Philipp Otto Runge 167 Caspar David Friedrich 173 Chapter 8 The Importance of Landscape-British Painting in the Early Nineteenth Century178 Nature Enthusiasm in Great Britain 179 The Picturesque 180 The Popularity of Watercolor: Amateurs and Professionals 183 Thomas Girtin, John Sell Cotman, and the Pictorial Possibilities of Watercolor 184 Joseph Mallord William Turner 189 John Constable 195 Boxes Watercolor 183 Girtin and the Vogue for the Painted Panorama 184 Landscape Painting-Subjects and Modalities 188 Chapter 9 The Restoration Period and the Rejection of Classicism in France200 Government Patronage and the Rejection of Classicism 201 The Academy 203 The Salons of the Restoration Period 204 Madame de Stael and the Introduction of Romantic Ideas into France 205 Stendhal 205 Orientalism 206 Horace Vernet 207 Theodore Gericault 207 Eugene Delacroix 214 Ingres and the Transformation of Classicism 218 Classicism and Romanticism 221 Boxes Paris Salons 204 The Making of The Raft of the Medusa 210 Lithography 212 Chapter 10 The Popularization of Art and Visual Culture in France during the July Monarchy (1830-1848)222 The Salons of the Second Republic 256 The Origins of Realism 256 Gustave Courbet's A Burial at Ornans 258 Courbet, Millet, and an Art of Social Consciousness 261 Daumier and the Urban Working Class 263 Realism 265 Chapter 11 The Revolution of 1848 and the Emergence of Realism in France254 Napoleon III and the "Hausmannization" of Paris 267 The Opera and Mid-Nineteenth-Century Sculpture 270 Salons and Other Exhibitions during the Second Empire 275 Popular Trends at the Second Empire Salons 275 History through a Magnifying Glass: Meissonier and Gerome 277 Second Empire Orientalism-Gerome, Fromentin, Du Camp, Cordier 279 The Nude 283 Landscape and Animal Painting: Courbet and Bonheur 283 Second Empire Peasant Painting: Millet and Jules Breton 286 Baudelaire and "The Painter of Modern Life" 289 Courbet, Manet, and the Beginnings of Modernism 291 Photography 298 New Roles for Photography 300 Boxes Emile Zola and Second Empire France 268 Viollet-le-Duc and France's Gothic Heritage 270 Women's Fashions and Women's Journals 290 Chapter 12 Progress, Modernity, and Modernism-French Visual Culture during the Second Empire, 1852-1870266 Classicism, Romanticism, and the Juste-Milieu 224 Louis-Philippe and the Museum of the History of France 225 Monumentalizing Napoleon 227 The Revival of Religious Mural Painting 229 The Salon during the July Monarchy 230 Historical Genre and Orientalist Painting 232 Landscape Painting: Corot and the Historical Landscape Tradition 235 Landscape: The Picturesque Tradition 236 Landscape Painting: The Barbizon School and Naturalism 238 Portraiture 240 Sculpture in the Salon 243 The Explosion of the Press and the Rise of Popular Culture 244 Honore Daumier 245 Gavarni and Grandville 249 Louis Daguerre and the Beginnings of Photography in France 251 Boxes Wood Engraving 245 Physiognomy and Phrenology 246 Chapter 13 Art in the German-Speaking World from the Congress of Vienna to the German Empire, 1815-1871302 Berlin and Munich 303 Official Nazarene Art in Munich 306 Biedermeier Culture 309 Biedermeier Painting 309 German Academies 312 Academic History Painting 313 Adolph Menzel 314 Realism and Idealism: Diverging Trends in the Early 1870s 317 Box Tableaux Vivants 315 Chapter 14 Art in Victorian Britain, 1837-1901320 Social and Economic Conditions during the Victorian Age 322 The Victorian Art Scene 324 Painting during the Early Victorian Period: Anecdotal Scenes 325 Fairy Painting: Paton and Dadd 327 Early Victorian Landscape and Animal Painting: Martin and Landseer 329 Early Victorian Photography 331 Government Patronage and the Houses of Parliament 332 The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood 336 The Pre-Raphaelites and Secular Subject Matter 338 Genre Painting and Photography in the Mid-Victorian Period 341 From Pre-Raphaelitism to the Aesthetic Movement 344 The Royal Academy 348 Box The Whistler-Ruskin Trial 348 Chapter 15 National Pride and International Rivalry-The Great International Expositions350 Origins of the International Expositions 351 The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations 352 The Crystal Palace: A Revolution in Architecture 352 The Great Exhibition and the Design Crisis in Britain 354 New Attitudes toward Design: Owen Jones and John Ruskin 355 The International Exhibition in London, 1862 356 The Japanese Court at the Exhibition of 1862 358 The Universal Exposition of 1855 in Paris 360 The International Art Exposition 362 The French Show 362 Courbet's Private Pavilion 362 Foreign Artists at the International Exposition of 1855 364 The Paris Universal Exposition of 1867 366 The Fine Arts Exhibition of 1867 367 The Japanese Pavilion 368 The Importance of the International Exhibitions of the 1850s and 1860s 369 Boxes Machines at the International Exhibitions 353 Major Nineteenth-Century International Exhibitions 360 Chapter 16 French Art after the Commune-Conservative and Modernist Trends370 The Commune and Early Photo-Journalism in Europe 371 Republican Monuments 373 Mural Painting during the Third Republic 376 The Third Republic and the Demise of the State-Sponsored Salon 380 Academic and Realist Art at the Salons of 1873-1890 380 Naturalism at the Salons of 1870-1890 382 Manet at the Salons of the 1870s and 1880s 385 Salon Alternatives 387 Origin and Definition of the Term "Impressionism" 387 Claude Monet and the Impressionist Landscape 389 Other Impressionist Landscape Painters: Pissarro and Sisley 390 Monet's Early Painting Series 393 Impressionist Figure Painting 395 Impressionism and the Urban Scene: Edgar Degas 397 Impressionists and the Urban Scene: Caillebotte 402 Women at the Impressionist Exhibitions 405 Impressionism and Modern Vision 407 Boxes Pastel 400 Eadweard Muybridge and Animal Locomotion 401 Chapter 17 French Avant-garde Art in the 1880s408 Georges Seurat and Neo-Impressionism 409 Neo-Impressionism and Utopianism: Signac and Pissarro 415 The "Crisis" in Impressionism 417 Monet and the Later Series Paintings 418 Degas in the 1880s 420 Renoir in the 1880s 422 Paul Cezanne 425 Vincent van Gogh 430 Post-Impressionism 436 Box The Letters of Van Gogh 431 Chapter 18 When the Eiffel Tower Was New438 The Eiffel Tower 439 The Gallery of Machines 440 The History of Habitation Pavilions 441 Colonial Exhibits 442 The Fine Arts on Exhibit 443 The Triumph of Naturalism 445 Nordic Naturalism: Nationalism and Naturism 447 Naturalism in Germany: Max Liebermann and Fritz von Uhde 451 Naturalism in Belgium 453 Jozef Israels and the Hague School in the Netherlands 454 Russian Painting 456 The 1889 Exposition in Review 459 Box Nineteenth-Century Imperialism 443 Chapter 19 France during la Belle Epoque460 Transport of Soul and Body: Sacre Coeur and the Metro 462 Art Nouveau, Siegfried Bing, and the Concept of Decoration 464 The Sources of Art Nouveau 465 Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec and the Art Nouveau Poster 466 Toulouse-Lautrec, the Painter 470 Paul Gauguin and Emile Bernard: Cloisonnism and Synthetism 472 Paul Gauguin: The Passion for Non-Western Culture 474 Symbolism 480 Symbolism and Romanticism: Gustave Moreau and Odilon Redon 480 Symbolist Cult Groups: Rosicrucians and Nabis 483 Fin-de-Siecle Sculpture 486 Camille Claudel 493 Boxes Posters 467 The Techniques of Sculpture 490 Chapter 20 International Trends ca. 1900494 New Art outside France 495 Art Nouveau in Belgium 496 Antoni Gaudi and Spanish Modernisme 496 Glasgow Style 500 Art Nouveau and Symbolism 502 Salons of the Rose + Croix 502 Les XX or The Group of Twenty 504 The Vienna Secession 506 Gustav Klimt 508 Ferdinand Hodler 511 The Berlin Secession 512 Edvard Munch 513 Stile Floreale and Italian Symbolism 515 The Paris Universal Exposition of 1900 517 Timeline 522 Glossary 526 Bibliography 530 Picture Credits 547 Index 549