PREFACE, V CHAPTER 1 PERSONALITY THEORY: FROM EVERYDAY OBSERVATIONS TO SYSTEMATIC THEORIES, 1 QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 2 FIVE GOALS FOR THE PERSONALITY THEORIST, 3 WHY STUDY PERSONALITY?, 5 DEFINING PERSONALITY, 6 QUESTIONS ABOUT PERSONS: WHAT, HOW, AND WHY, 7 ANSWERING QUESTIONS ABOUT PERSONS SCIENTIFICALLY: UNDERSTANDING STRUCTURES, PROCESSES, DEVELOPMENT, AND THERAPEUTIC CHANGE, 8 IMPORTANT ISSUES IN PERSONALITY THEORY, 18 EVALUATING PERSONALITY THEORIES, 23 THE PERSONALITY THEORIES: AN INTRODUCTION, 24 MAJOR CONCEPTS, 28 REVIEW, 29 CHAPTER 2 THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF PEOPLE, 31 QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 31 THE DATA OF PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY, 33 GOALS OF RESEARCH: RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, AND ETHICAL BEHAVIOR, 40 THREE GENERAL STRATEGIES OF RESEARCH, 42 PERSONALITY THEORY AND PERSONALITY RESEARCH, 55 PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT AND THE CASE OF JIM, 56 MAJOR CONCEPTS, 58 REVIEW, 58 CHAPTER 3 A PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY: FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY, 59 QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 59 SIGMUND FREUD (1856–1939): A VIEW OF THE THEORIST, 60 FREUD’S VIEW OF THE PERSON, 62 FREUD’S VIEW OF THE SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY, 65 FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY, 66 MAJOR CONCEPTS, 96 REVIEW, 97 CHAPTER 4 FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY: APPLICATIONS, RELATED THEORETICAL CONCEPTIONS, ANDCONTEMPORARY RESEARCH, 99 QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 99 PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT: PROJECTIVE TESTS, 100 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, 106 PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGE, 109 THE CASE OF JIM, 115 RELATED THEORETICAL CONCEPTIONS AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS, 119 CRITICAL EVALUATION, 136 MAJOR CONCEPTS, 140 REVIEW, 141 CHAPTER 5 A PHENOMENOLOGICAL THEORY: CARL ROGERS’S PERSON‐CENTERED THEORY OFPERSONALITY, 143 QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 144 CARL R. ROGERS (1902–1987): A VIEW OF THE THEORIST, 144 ROGERS’S VIEW OF THE PERSON, 146 ROGERS’S VIEW OF THE SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY, 149 THE PERSONALITY THEORY OF CARL ROGERS, 149 MAJOR CONCEPTS, 164 REVIEW, 165 CHAPTER 6 ROGERS’S PHENOMENOLOGICAL THEORY: APPLICATIONS, RELATED THEORETICAL CONCEPTIONS,AND CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH, 167 QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 168 CLINICAL APPLICATIONS, 168 THE CASE OF JIM, 175 RELATED THEORETICAL CONCEPTIONS, 177 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THEORY AND RESEARCH, 185 CRITICAL EVALUATION, 193 MAJOR CONCEPTS, 197 REVIEW, 197 CHAPTER 7 TRAIT THEORIES OF PERSONALITY: ALLPORT, EYSENCK, AND CATTELL, 199 QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 200 A VIEW OF THE TRAIT THEORISTS, 200 TRAIT THEORY’S VIEW OF THE PERSON, 201 TRAIT THEORY’S VIEW OF THE SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY, 202 TRAIT THEORIES OF PERSONALITY: BASIC PERSPECTIVES SHARED BY TRAIT THEORISTS, 204 THE TRAIT THEORY OF GORDON W. ALLPORT (1897–1967), 205 IDENTIFYING PRIMARY TRAIT DIMENSIONS: FACTOR ANALYSIS, 209 THE FACTOR‐ANALYTIC TRAIT THEORY OF RAYMOND B. CATTELL (1905–1998), 211 THE THREE‐FACTOR THEORY OF HANS J. EYSENCK (1916–1997), 216 MAJOR CONCEPTS, 225 REVIEW, 225 CHAPTER 8 TRAIT THEORY: THE FIVE‐FACTOR MODEL—APPLICATIONS AND EVALUATION OF TRAITAPPROACHES TO PERSONALITY, 227 QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 228 THE FIVE‐FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY: RESEARCH EVIDENCE, 228 THE FIVE‐FACTOR THEORY, 237 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, 242 MAYBE WE MISSED ONE? THE SIX‐FACTOR MODEL, 244 APPLICATIONS OF THE BIG FIVE MODEL, 245 THE CASE OF JIM, 248 THE PERSON–SITUATION CONTROVERSY, 252 CRITICAL EVALUATION, 255 MAJOR CONCEPTS, 260 REVIEW, 260 CHAPTER 9 BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF PERSONALITY, 261 QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 261 TEMPERAMENT, 263 EVOLUTION, EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY, AND PERSONALITY, 269 GENES AND PERSONALITY, 278 MOOD, EMOTION, AND THE BRAIN, 290 PLASTICITY: BIOLOGY AS BOTH CAUSE AND EFFECT, 295 NEUROSCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS OF “HIGHER‐LEVEL” PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS, 296 MAJOR CONCEPTS, 297 REVIEW, 298 CHAPTER 10 BEHAVIORISM AND THE LEARNING APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY, 299 QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 299 BEHAVIORISM’S VIEW OF THE PERSON, 300 BEHAVIORISM’S VIEW OF THE SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY, 301 WATSON, PAVLOV, AND CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, 305 SKINNER’S THEORY OF OPERANT CONDITIONING, 317 CRITICAL EVALUATION, 328 MAJOR CONCEPTS, 332 REVIEW, 332 CHAPTER 11 A COGNITIVE THEORY: GEORGE A KELLY’S PERSONAL CONSTRUCTTHEORY OF PERSONALITY, 333 QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 333 GEORGE A. KELLY (1905–1966): A VIEW OF THE THEORIST, 335 KELLY’S VIEW OF THE SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY, 336 KELLY’S VIEW OF THE PERSON, 338 THE PERSONALITY THEORY OF GEORGE A. KELLY, 340 CLINICAL APPLICATIONS, 355 THE CASE OF JIM, 358 RELATED POINTS OF VIEW AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS, 360 CRITICAL EVALUATION, 361 MAJOR CONCEPTS, 365 REVIEW, 365 CHAPTER 12 SOCIAL‐COGNITIVE THEORY: BANDURA AND MISCHEL, 367 QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 367 RELATING SOCIAL‐COGNITIVE THEORY TO THE PREVIOUS THEORIES, 368 A VIEW OF THE THEORISTS, 369 SOCIAL‐COGNITIVE THEORY’S VIEW OF THE PERSON, 371 SOCIAL‐COGNITIVE THEORY’S VIEW OF THE SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY, 372 SOCIAL‐COGNITIVE THEORY OF PERSONALITY: STRUCTURE, 372 SOCIAL‐COGNITIVE THEORY OF PERSONALITY: PROCESS, 383 SOCIAL‐COGNITIVE THEORY OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, 387 MAJOR CONCEPTS, 401 REVIEW, 402 CHAPTER 13 SOCIAL‐COGNITIVE THEORY: APPLICATIONS, RELATED THEORETICAL CONCEPTIONS, AND CONTEMPORARYRESEARCH, 403 QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 403 COGNITIVE COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY: BELIEFS, GOALS, AND EVALUATIVE STANDARDS , 405 STRESS AND COPING, 425 THE CASE OF JIM, 431 CRITICAL EVALUATION, 433 MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS AND SUMMARY, 436 MAJOR CONCEPTS, 436 REVIEW, 436 CHAPTER 14 PERSONALITY IN CONTEXT: INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS, CULTURE, AND DEVELOPMENT ACROSSTHE COURSE OF LIFE, 439 QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 440 INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS, 441 MEETING ACADEMIC AND SOCIAL CHALLENGES: OPTIMISTIC STRATEGIES AND DEFENSIVE PESSIMISM, 446 PERSONALITY CONSISTENCY IN CONTEXT, 447 PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT, 450 PERSONALITY FUNCTIONING ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN, 451 PERSONS IN CULTURES, 453 PUTTING PERSONALITY IN CONTEXT INTO PRACTICE, 458 SUMMARY, 464 MAJOR CONCEPTS, 465 REVIEW, 465 CHAPTER 15 ASSESSING PERSONALITY THEORY AND RESEARCH, 467 QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER, 467 ON STRUCTURES, PROCESSES, DEVELOPMENT, AND THERAPEUTIC CHANGE, 467 THE CASE OF JIM, 473 HOW DID THEY DO? A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF PERSONALITY, 474 A FINAL SUMMING UP: THEORIES AS TOOLKITS, 479 REVIEW, 480 GLOSSARY, 481 REFERENCES, 489 NAME INDEX, 521 SUBJECT INDEX, 527