Poetry in Theory: An Anthology 1900--2000 brings together key critical and theoretical texts from the twentieth century which have animated debates about modern poetry. * Helps readers to think critically about the nature of modern poetry, and to engage with broader questions about aesthetics, language, culture and imagination.

Acknowledgments Introduction 1 Part I 1900–1920 27 1 W. B. Yeats The Symbolism of Poetry (1900) 29 2 Rainer Maria Rilke Three Letters (1903, 1907, 1925) 35 3 Sigmund Freud Creative Writers and Day-dreaming (1908) 41 4 T. E. Hulme Romanticism and Classicism (1911) 47 5 Filippo Marinetti Technical Manifesto of Futurist Literature (1912) 56 6 Rabindranath Tagore Poet Yeats (1912) 61 7 Edward Thomas Robert Frost (1914) 65 8 Amy Lowell Poetry as a Spoken Art (1917) 69 9 Guillaume Apollinaire The New Spirit and the Poets (1917) 75 10 Ezra Pound A Retrospect (1918) 83 11 Tristan Tzara Note on Poetry (1919) 91 12 Velimir Khlebnikov On Poetry and On Contemporary Poetry (1919, 1920) 94 13 T. S. Eliot Tradition and the Individual Talent and Reflections on Contemporary Poetry (1919) 97 14 D. H. Lawrence Preface to New Poems (1920) 106 15 William Carlos Williams Prologue to Kora in Hell (1920) 111 16 Ernest Fenollosa The Chinese Written Character as the Medium for Poetry (1920) 116 Part II 1920–1940 129 17 Mina Loy Modern Poetry (1925) 131 18 Hart Crane General Aims and Theories (1925) 135 19 Langston Hughes The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain (1926) 139 20 Vladimir Mayakovsky How Are Verses Made? (1926) 144 21 I. A. Richards Science and Poetry (1926) 152 22 Robert Graves and Laura Riding A Survey of Modernist Poetry (1927) 160 23 William Empson Seven Types of Ambiguity (1930) 169 24 Kenneth Burke The Poetic Process (1931) 175 25 Paul Éluard and André Breton Poetry’s Evidence and The Automatic Message (1932, 1933) 182 26 F. R. Leavis New Bearings in English Poetry (1932) 192 27 Federico García Lorca Play and Theory of the Duende (1933) 201 28 Gertrude Stein Poetry and Grammar (1935) 208 29 Marina Tsvetaeva Poets with History and Poets without History (1935) 215 30 Walter Benjamin Modernism (1938) 223 31 Robert Frost The Figure a Poem Makes (1939) 234 32 Paul Valéry Poetry and Abstract Thought (1939) 237 Part III 1940–1960 245 33 Martin Heidegger Three Lectures on Poetry (1941, 1944, 1946) 247 34 Wallace Stevens The Noble Rider and the Sound of Words (1942) 256 35 Randall Jarrell The End of the Line (1942) 268 36 Aimé Césaire Poetry and Knowledge (1945) 275 37 Charles Olson Projective Verse (1950) 288 38 Louis Zukofsky A Statement for Poetry (1950) 296 39 Roland Barthes Is There Any Poetic Writing? (1953) 301 40 W. K. Wimsatt The Concrete Universal (1954) 307 41 Jacques Lacan Excerpts from Seminars and Papers (1954, 1955, 1957) 315 42 Donald Davie What is Modern Poetry and The Reek of the Human (1955)? 323 43 Maurice Blanchot Mallarmé’s Experience (1955) 330 44 Philip Larkin The Pleasure Principle and Writing Poems (1957, 1964) 337 45 Theodor Adorno On Lyric Poetry and Society (1957) 342 46 Roman Jakobson Closing Statement: Linguistics and Poetics (1960) 350 Part IV 1960–1980 359 47 Edward Dorn What I See in The Maximus Poems (1961) 361 48 Frank O’Hara Personism: A Manifesto (1961) 367 49 Allen Ginsberg When the Mode of the Music Changes and Abstraction in Poetry (1961, 1962) 370 50 W. H. Auden The Poet and the City (1962) 377 51 Imamu Baraka Hunting Is Not Those Heads on the Wall and State/Meant (1964, 1965) 385 52 Robert Creeley A Sense of Measure (1964) 390 53 John Ashbery The Invisible Avant-Garde (1968) 393 54 Barbara Herrnstein Smith Closure and Anti-closure in Modern Poetry (1968) 399 55 Gerard Genette Poetic Language, Poetics of Language (1969) 408 56 Paul de Man Intentional Structure of the Romantic Image (1970) 413 57 Derek Walcott The Muse of History (1974) 420 58 Julia Kristeva The Ethics of Linguistics (1974) 437 59 Hans Magnus Enzensberger A Modest Proposal (1976) 447 60 Veronica Forrest-Thomson Continuity in Language (1978) 456 61 Geoffrey Hill Poetry as ‘‘Menace’’ and ‘‘Atonement’’ (1978) 464 Part V 1980–2000 475 62 Shoshana Felman The Poe-etic Effect (1980) 477 63 Charles Bernstein The Dollar Value of Poetry (1983) 491 64 Czeslaw Milosz On Hope (1983) 494 65 Adrienne Rich Blood, Bread, and Poetry (1984) 503 66 Richard Poirier Prologue: The Deed of Writing (1987) 514 67 Jeremy Cronin ‘‘Even under the Rine of Terror ’’ (1988) 523 68 Jacques Derrida Che cos’è la poesia? (1988) 533 69 Thomas Yingling The Homosexual Lyric (1990) 538 70 Marjorie Perloff Avant-Garde or Endgame? (1991) 547 71 Eavan Boland The Woman Poet: Her Dilemma (1995) 559 72 Seamus Heaney The Redress of Poetry (1995) 567 73 Helen Vendler Introduction, Soul Says (1995) 574 Chronology 581 Select Bibliography 619 Thematic Index 622 Index 624

Poetry in Theory: An Anthology 1900-2000 brings key critical and theoretical texts from the twentieth century which have animated debates about modern poetry. It provides all the material necessary for readers to engage with these debates, and with broader questions about aesthetics, language, culture, and imagination.

"Poetry has always provided the most severe test for theory, and this rich, wide-ranging anthology shows just how fruitful the encounter between the two has been. Jon Cook's excellent collection should prove a salutary lesson for all those who assume, utterly against the evidence, that literary theory has had nothing to say about the shape of the sentences and the texture of the verse." —Terry Eagleton, University of Manchester