List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgments xi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 PART 1 TRANSFORMING AMERICAN LIBERALISM Chapter 2 Race: The Early New Deal's Blind Spot 27 Chapter 3 Transforming Liberalism, 1933-1940 45 Chapter 4 Liberalism Transformed: The Early Civil Rights Movement and the "Liberal Lobby" 81 PART 2 REALIGNMENT FROM BELOW: VOTERS AND MIDLEVEL PARTY ACTORS Chapter 5 Civil Rights and New Deal Liberalism in the Mass Public 101 Chapter 6 The African American Realignment and New Deal Liberalism 129 Chapter 7 State Parties and the Civil Rights Realignment 150 Chapter 8 Beyond the Roll Call: The Congressional Realignment 176 PART 3 THE NATIONAL PARTIES RESPOND Chapter 9 Facing a Changing Party: Democratic Elites and Civil Rights 211 Chapter 10 Lincoln's Party No More: The Transformation of the GOP 237 Chapter 11 Conclusions 271 Notes 287 Index 351

"How did the Democrats become America's civil rights party? This book is the authoritative statement on that question. With a sure touch, Schickler clocks the evolution from the 1930s onward, using a rich variety of new data, not to mention his vast knowledge of the territory. His deep penetration of congressional politics in the 1930s and '40s is a major achievement."—David Mayhew, Yale University"Few questions on American political growth are as important as those that ask how our major political parties developed their distinctive commitments on race and how those commitments shape broader policy agendas. This book supplants the conventional explanation for America's racial realignment and establishes itself as the account with which all future research must grapple."—Nolan McCarty, Princeton University"Deftly mixing quantitative and historical scholarship with his deep knowledge of the U.S. Congress and American political parties, Schickler rewrites the civil rights fault lines of the twentieth century. He shows that America's partisan racial realignment commenced not in the 1950s and ‘60s, but in the New Deal itself. A triumph of historical political science that provides fresh insight on the foundations and troubles of our current party system."—Daniel Carpenter, Harvard University"In Racial Realignment, Eric Schickler turns his expert analytical abilities to previously unmined historical data and explains how the New Deal Democratic Party turned itself into the protector of civil rights while racial conservatives became ensconced in what had long been the 'Party of Lincoln.' Upending long-established interpretations, the result is a riveting and powerful look at political change in the United States."—Suzanne Mettler, Cornell University"Eric Schickler has written an extraordinary book about a great, consequential change in political identity—the switch between the Democratic and Republican parties as the embodiments of racial liberalism and conservatism. This is a landmark work about social movements, political parties, politicians, ideology, and public opinion—and it completely changes how we think about the twentieth century and the origins of our present-day political conflicts."—Rick Valelly, Swarthmore College"Racial Realignment is a strikingly original, deeply researched, and skillfully rendered contribution to the study of American politics. I can think of few if any other political scientists capable of designing such a project, much less delivering on its promise, as Schickler certainly has. His book is a tour de force."—Anthony S. Chen, Northwestern University