As of the end of 1974, our computer-supported, systematic clinical, morphologic, and follow-up evaluation of case material consisted of over 2000 biopsies, including 679 examined by electron microscopy and 400 by immunofluorescence microscopy.

I. Technique and General Pathology.- 1. Clinical and Procedural Aspects.- Clinical Aspects.- Procedural Aspects.- 2. Clinician’s Role in Renal Biopsy Management and Processing.- Biopsy Planning.- Tissue Processing by Clinicians.- 3. Renal Biopsy Management and Processing by the Pathologist.- Light Microscopy Procedures.- Electron Microscopy Procedures.- Immunohistologic Procedures.- Morphometry Technique.- Clinically Related Topics.- 4. Histology of Normal Kidney Tissue.- Glomerulus.- Obsolescent Glomeruli.- Glomerular Morphometry.- Juxtaglomerular Apparatus.- Renal Tubules.- Blood Vessels.- Interstitium: Connective Tissue, Lymph Vessels and Nerves.- Histological Artifacts.- 5. Introduction to Renal Histopathology.- Guidelines for Evaluation of Renal Biopsy.- Definitions.- Typical Renal Lesions Under Low Power Magnification.- 6. Histopathology of the Glomerulus Under High Power Magnification.- Glomerular Size.- Hypercellularity.- Changes in Capillary Loop Lumens.- Capillary Loop Necrosis.- Pathological Capillary Loop Contents.- Changes of the Capillary Loop Wall.- Changes of Other Glomerular Capillary Wall Constituents.- Changes of the Mesangium.- Changes of the Glomerular Capsule.- Glomerular Obsolescence.- 7. Histopathology of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA).- Limiting Factors Imposed by Biopsy.- Prognostic Value in Renal Hypertension.- Increase in JGA Size.- Decrease in JGA Size.- 8. Histopathology of the Renal Tubules.- Problems in Evaluation.- Histopathology of Complex Tubular Changes.- Cytoplasmic Changes of the Tubular Epithelium.- Nuclear Changes of the Tubular Epithelium.- EM Pathology of the Renal Tubules.- Casts.- 9. Histopathology of the Renal Interstitium.- Edema.- Sclerosis.- Fibrosis.- Inflammatory Infiltrates.- Foam Cells.- Deposits.- 10. Histopathology of the Renal Vessels.- Ultrastructural Elements in Vascular Changes.- Specific Vascular Lesions.- Arteriolar Lesions.- 11. Immunohistopathologic Parameters.- Definitions.- Diagnostic Significance of IF.- Quantification of IF Findings.- IF Deposition Character.- Significance of Immunoglobulins and Other Proteins in Glomerulopathy.- Additional Glomerular IF Findings.- IF Findings in Nonglomerular Structures.- Cryoglobulins and Kidney.- 12. General Differential Diagnosis Between Non-Glomerulonephritic Nephropathies and Glomerulonephritis.- II. Histopathology of Specific Renal Disease States.- 13. General Aspects of Glomerulonephritis.- Nosology.- Basic Morphologic Parameters of Glomerulonephritis.- Special Clinical Courses of Glomerulonephritis.- General Pathogenesis of Glomerulonephritis.- Immunocomplex Glomerulonephritis.- General Etiology of Glomerulonephritis.- 14. The Diffuse Forms of Glomerulonephritis.- Diffuse Endotheliomesangial Glomerulonephritis.- Extracapillary Accentuated Glomerulonephritis.- Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis.- Intramembranous Glomerulonephritis.- Epimembranous Glomerulonephritis.- Mixed Form of Epimembranous and Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis.- 15. Focally Accentuated Glomerulonephritis.- Embolic, Purulent Focal Glomerulitis, and Thrombotic-Induced Glomerulonephritis.- Embolic Purulent Focal Glomerulitis.- Segmental-Focal Glomerulonephritis in Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis.- Segmental-Focal Glomerulonephritis Associated With Generalized Intravasal Coagulation.- Segmental-Focal Proliferative and Sclerosing Glomerulonephritis, Focal-Global Sclerosing Glomerulonephritis and Overload Glomerulitis.- Segmental-Focal Proliferative Glomerulonephritis (Proliferative FGN).- Segmental-Focal Sclerosing Glomerulonephritis (Sclerosing FGN).- Focal-Global Sclerosing Glomerulonephritis.- Overload Glomerulitis.- 16. Glomerulonephritic Contracted Kidney (Nonclassifiable Glomerulonephritis, End-Stage Kidney).- 17. Special Forms of Glomerulonephritis.- Diffuse and Focally Accentuated Glomerulonephritis Associated With Systemic Disease.- Glomerular Disease in Schönlein-Henoch’s Purpura.- Glomerular Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.- Renal Changes in Goodpasture’s Syndrome.- Renal Changes in Wegener’s Syndrome.- Glomerulonephritis in Hypersensitivity Angitis (Microform of Periarteritis Nodosa).- IgA Mesangial Glomerulonephritis.- Early Infantile Glomerulonephritic Contracted Kidney (So-Called Oligonephronia).- 18. Glomerular Minimal Change.- 19. Glomerulonephrosis and Glomerulosclerosis.- Idiopathic Unspecific Glomerulonephrosis and Glomerulosclerosis.- Amyloid Nephrosis.- Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis.- Hepatic Glomerulosclerosis.- Glomerulopathy of Pregnancy.- Kidney in Plasmocytoma.- Glomerulosclerosis in Waldenström’s Disease.- 20. Inflammatory Interstitial Renal Lesions.- Acute, Nondestructive Interstitial Nephritis.- Chronic Interstitial Nephritis.- Pathogenesis of Acute Reversible Renal Failure.- Weil’s Jaundice. The Kidney in Leptospirosis Ictero-Hemorrhagica Infection.- Pyelonephritis (Destructive Interstitial Nephritis).- Pyelonephritic Contracted Kidney of Early Childhood.- Montaldo’s Pyelonephritis.- Balkan Nephropathy.- Renal Changes in Phenacetin Addiction.- Combination of Pyelonephritis and Glomerulonephritis.- 21. Kidney Tuberculosis and Rare Kidney Infections.- Renal Tuberculosis.- Brucellosis.- Echinococcus.- Sarcoidosis.- Tuberculoid Granuloma of Uncertain Etiology.- Actinomycosis.- Aspergillosis.- Cytomegalovirus Infection.- 22. Hydronephrosis and Nephrohydrosis.- 23. Enzymopathic, Metabolic Renal Diseases.- Fabry’s Disease.- Cystinosis.- Renal Oxalosis.- Kidney in Gout.- Alport’s Syndrome.- Idiopathic and Benign Familial Hematuria.- Nail-Patella Syndrome.- Primary Tubulopathy.- Secondary Fanconi Syndrome.- Nephronophthisis.- Nephrocalcinosis.- Toxic and Metabolic Tubulonephrosis.- 24. Renal Changes Caused by Impairment of the Circulatory System.- Anoxic Glomerular Lesions.- Hemorrhage.- Fat Embolism.- Kidney in Shock.- Disseminated Intravasal Coagulation Including Cortical Necrosis.- 1. Acute Disseminated Intravasal Coagulation.- 2. Subacute and Chronic (Relapsing) Disseminated Intravasal Coagulation.- 3. The Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome.- 4. Thrombotic Microangiopathy.- Renal Vein Thrombosis.- Kidney Infarct.- Subinfarct.- 25. Renal Changes Caused by Vascular Disease.- Arteriolosclerosis.- Arteriolonecrosis.- Fibroelastosis.- Scleroderma.- Arterial Intimai Proliferation Associated With Female Hormones.- Neurofibromatosis.- Inflammatory Vascular Diseases.- 1. Unspecific Arteritis.- 2. Periarteritis Nodosa.- 3. Hypersensitivity Angitis.- 4. Other Inflammatory Diseases of the Renal Arteries.- 26. Unilateral Contracted Kidney and Renal Hypertension.- 27. The Kidney in Radiation Injury.- 28. Malformations of the Kidney.- Primary Hypoplasia.- Secondary Hypoplasia.- Dyplasia.- Kidney Cysts and Cystic Kidneys.- 29. Kidney Tumors.- Mesenchymal Tumors.- 1. Benign and of Questionable Malignancy.- 2. Malignant Tumors (Sarcomas).- 3. Renal Capsule Sarcoma.- Epithelial Tumors.- 1. Benign and of Questionable Malignancy.- 2. Renal Cell Carcinoma.- 3. Renal Pelvic Carcinoma.- Mixed Tumor: Nephroblastoma.- Metastases.- 30. Kidney Transplantation.- Immunogenetics.- Indications for Biopsy.- Acutely Imminent Renal Injury (So-Called Conservation Injury).- Peracute (Hyperacute) Transplant Rejection.- Acute Transplant Rejection.- 1. Acute Interstitial Transplant Rejection.- 2. Acute Vascular Transplant Rejection.- 3. Differential Diagnosis of Peracute and Acute Transplant Rejection.- Chronic Transplant Rejection.- 1. Chronic Transplant Glomerulopathy.- 2. Chronic Transplant Vasculopathy.- 3. Interstitial and Tubular Changes.- 4. Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Transplant Rejection.- Pathogenesis of Transplant Rejection.- Complications.- References.