Contents: Foreword xiii Hon. Louise Arbour Introduction: international drug policy in an era of growing complexity, challenge and tension xvi David R. Bewley-Taylor and Khalid Tinasti PART I HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL DRUG CONTROL 1 Foundations of the international drug control regime: nineteenth century to the Second World War 2 William B. McAllister 2 The evolution of international drug control under the United Nations 19 Constanza Sánchez-Avilés and Ondrej Ditrych 3 Drug consumers and the formation of the international drug control apparatus 38 Christopher Hallam PART II THE GEOSPATIAL DIMENSIONS OF DRUG POLICY 4 North American drug policy: American and Canadian developments from the early twentieth century to today 54 Katharine Neill Harris 5 Latin America and the Caribbean: complicity and legacy of a long war 72 Juan Carlos Garzón and Ana María Rueda 6 Western and Central Europe: towards a cohesive model for drug policies? 94 Renaud Colson and Henri Bergeron 7 Documenting human rights violations is not enough to reform archaic drug policies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia 113 Mikhail Golichenko 8 Drug policy in Africa: a history of global and regional dynamics 131 Neil Carrier and Gernot Klantschnig 9 Drug use, policies and prohibition in Muslim countries 145 Khalid Tinasti 10 Drug policy in Asia: the origins and extremities of prohibition 163 Gloria Lai and Claudia Stoicescu 11 The changing tides of drug consumption, supply and drug policy in Oceania 185 Amber Marks and Caitlin Hughes PART III EMERGING TENSIONS WITHIN THE UN DRUG CONTROL SYSTEM AND BEYOND 12 The rise and fall of the “drug free world” narrative 206 Steve Rolles 13 Drug control and human rights: parallel universes, universal parallels 225 Julie Hannah and Rick Lines 14 Public health and international drug control: harm reduction and access to controlled medicines 248 Jennifer Hasselgard-Rowe, Naomi Burke-Shyne and Ann Fordham 15 Drugs and development: drug policies and the Global South 265 Julia Buxton 16 Bolivia, coca, culture and colonialism 283 Zoe Pearson 17 Regulating cannabis in Uruguay, the United States and Canada: is a social justice framework possible? 301 Zara Snapp and Jorge Herrera Valderrábano PART IV FUTURE CHALLENGES 18 The search for new drug policy metrics 325 Nazlee Maghsoudi, Justine Tanguay and Dan Werb 19 The NPS imposters, merging and emerging drug markets and the contribution of drug checking 341 Fiona Measham 20 Drug cryptomarket futures: structure, function and evolution in response to law enforcement actions 355 Patrick Shortis, Judith Aldridge and Monica J. Barratt Index 381