* * A thorough introduction to post-Civil War Spain, from its development under Franco and subsequent transition to democracy up to the present day * Tusell was a celebrated public figure and historian.

Note on the Author viii Introduction 1 Franco: Biography and Political Practice 2 Francoism: A Form of Dictatorship 12 Victors and Vanquished: The Disasters of the Civil War and Repression 20 Exile and the Start of the Postwar Period in Spain 26 Bibliography 31 Notes 33 1 The Temptation of Fascism and the Will to Survive (1939 –51) 34 A Failed Attempt to Make Spain Fascist 35 The Temptation to Intervene and Internal Conflict (1940–2) 40 Stumbling Progress towards Neutrality (1942–5) 48 Cosmetic Change: Regime Politics between 1945 and 1951 58 Opposition from Survivors: The Spanish Left from 1939 to 1951 65 The Monarchist Alternative 72 Franco in Isolation 75 The “Dark Night”: Autarchy and Rationing in the 1940s 82 Culture: Penance and Survival 92 Bibliography 102 Notes 106 2 The Years of Consensus: The High Point of the Regime (1951– 65) 107 The End of International Isolation: The Concordat and Pacts with the United States 108 Spain and Europe: Colonization of Morocco Ends 114 The Regime and the Opposition up to 1956 119 A New Political Opposition 128 For or against Falange: Political Life under the Regime between 1956 and 1965 136 The Easing of Autarchy and the Change in Economic Policy 147 From Political Opposition to Social Opposition 159 Culture in the Francoist Middle Period: The End of the Penitential Years 166 Daily Life and Leisure Activities 177 Bibliography 182 Notes 186 3 Economic Development, Apertura, and the Late Franco Years (1966–75) 187 Economic Development in the 1960s and 1970s 189 The Modernization of Spanish Society 197 The Change in Spanish Catholicism 202 Apertura (1965–9) 211 The Succession. Matesa and Internal Splits in the Regime 217 Worker Protest. Terrorism 221 Late Francoism: Carrero Blanco as President 228 Late Francoism: Arias Navarro’s Government 233 Opposition Activity: The Road to Unity 237 Spain and the Western World 247 Late Decolonization: Guinea and the Sahara 252 A Politically Committed Culture? 256 Spain at the Time of Franco’s Death 262 Bibliography 267 4 The Transition to Democracy (1975 – 82) 270 The Monarchy: King Juan Carlos I 273 The Death-throes of the Past 275 Adolfo Suárez: The Road from Liberalization to Democracy 281 Facing Difficulties: Terrorism and the Military Coup 285 Parties and Elections 289 The Long Road towards a Constitution 293 An Unresolved Issue: Nationalism and Terrorism 299 The Triumph and Fall of Adolfo Suárez 303 The Army and the Transition: February 23 306 Calvo Sotelo’s Government and the Crisis in Center Politics 311 Foreign Policy 314 Economic Policy and Social Change 318 October 1982: The End of the Transition 321 Bibliography 326 5 Consolidating Democracy: The Socialist Government (1982 – 96) 329 Felipe González and the Two Souls of Spanish Socialism 330 The Socialists’ First Term in Office. Reform of the Armed Services, an Economic Update and Foreign Policy 336 A Means of Consolidating Democracy. The GAL 344 Elections and Public Opinion in the Second Half of the 1980s 349 The Second Term in Office: Social Policies and Union Protests. Spain and the World 354 Policy on the Autonomous Communities: A New Vertebrate Structure for the Spanish State 359 The Loss of an Absolute Majority 366 A Tense Term of Office (1993–6) 373 The 1996 General Election. Drawing up the Balance on the Socialists’ Time in Government 380 Culture in the Post-Franco Period 385 From a Time of Rediscovery to a State Culture 390 Fields of Creativity 400 Bibliography 407 6 The Turn of the Right (1996 –2004) 410 The Popular Party in Power: José María Aznar 410 Success in Economic and Social Policies 412 The Dark Side of the Right 414 A Pluralistic Spain: Nationalities and Terrorism 418 Government and Opposition. The Elections in March 2000 423 The Style of Government with an Absolute Majority 429 The Limits of PSOE Renewal 431 Dramatic Basque Elections 433 The Policy of Making Pacts and Breaking with Consensus 436 The PP: Idyllic Peace and Neo-conservatism 439 From More to Less: Government Policy in the Second Four-year Term 443 The Final Straight 448 Bibliography 454 Notes 455 Index 456

The end of the Spanish Civil War marked a critical fracture in the modernization of Spain. When the last Republicans surrendered in early 1939, General Franco assumed dictatorial control. This book charts Spain’s development under Franco and its subsequent transition to democracy up to the present day. Completed by Javier Tusell just weeks before his untimely death, it is the final work by Spain’s most distinguished contemporary historian. Spain: From Dictatorship to Democracy provides full coverage of the country’s political, social, and economic transformation. It also traces developments in popular culture and the arts. Beginning with an introductory overview of Franco and Francoism, the book is organized chronologically, detailing each period’s most significant developments. Javier Tusell addresses such issues as Spain’s relations with the protectorate of Morocco, fascism and isolationism, the reaffirmation of regional identity and the rise of the popular media. He also provides a context for understanding the continuing tensions between democracy and terrorism, including the effects of the 2004 Madrid Bombings. A thorough introduction to post-Civil War Spain, this book is essential reading for all those interested in Franco and the legacy of his repressive regime.