Traces the diplomatic maneuverings and political drama of national unification in nineteenth-century Germany and Italy. This book demonstrates that Germany's and Italy's 'founding fathers' were constrained by two different pre-unification patterns of institutional development. It offers a broader theory of federalism's origins.

List of Figures and Tables ix Preface xi CHAPTER ONE: Introduction: How Nation-States Are Made 1 CHAPTER TWO: The National Critical Juncture: An Overview of the Dynamics of Regionalism and National Unification 18 CHAPTER THREE: The National Moment in Germany: The Dynamics of Regionalism and National Unification, 1834-1871 32 CHAPTER FOUR: The National Moment in Italy: The Dynamics of Regionalism and National Unification, 1815-1860 57 CHAPTER FIVE: From Strong Regional Loyalties to a Unitary System: National Unification by Conquest and the Case of Italy 79 CHAPTER SIX: From Strong Regional Loyalties to a Federal System: National Unification by Negotiation and the Case of Germany 109 CHAPTER SEVEN: Conclusion: The Politics of Federalism and Institution Building in the Nineteenth Century and Beyond 141 APPENDIX A: Prenational German and Italian States, 1850s-1860s 153 APPENDIX B: Origins of Federalism Data on Seventeen Largest West European Nation-States 161 Notes 167 References 201 Index 217

Co-Winner of the 2007 Best Book Award, European Politics and Society Section of the American Political Science Association Winner of the 2004 Gabriel Almond Award for Best Dissertation in Comparative Politics, American Political Science Association Winner of the 2003 Ernst B. Haas Prize for Best Dissertation in European Politics, American Political Science Association "Ziblatt brilliantly addresses ... [an] institutional puzzle: Why, when Italy and Germany became nation-states, did Italy become a unitary state and Germany a federal one? Ziblatt is a careful and methodical researcher who applies to the study of historical processes a vast array of qualitative and sensible quantitative methods... [A] bold and original analysis."--Stanley Hoffmann, Foreign Affairs "A well-researched study of comparative political development from an institutional perspective... The book contains useful notes and appendixes, and could be useful in history or political science courses."--Choice "Well-researched and written, [Structuring the State] provides a highly compelling alternative to the conventional wisdom on federalism."--Louise K. Davidson-Schmich, German Studies Review "Ziblatt has put the question of the origins of federalism on the table, suggested a provocative answer to it, creatively applied the theory of infrastructural power, and pointed the way toward many new issues to explore. This is a piece of scholarship that is sure to become the touchstone for future research on the origins of federalism, and, if we are lucky, many other scholars will follow Ziblatt's lead in investigating the relationship between infrastructural and despotic power."--Monica Prasad, American Journal of Sociology "There are several reasons to read this book. The first one is the originality of the subject... The second reason to read this book is the theoretical implications of the cases under analysis... The third reason is the fact that this research can be fruitfully replicated... In any case, this book and the methodology used by the author will certainly constitute an extremely useful contribution."--Marco Brunazzo, Congrips Newsletter

"This is the most important book on state-building to appear in recent years. In addition to offering the definitive account of Italy's and Germany's creation, Ziblatt's work also sets the agenda for future scholarship on the comparative study of federalism. Rich narrative combined with theoretical sophistication bring new life to a very important set of debates about the origins of federalism and nation-states more broadly. This work should be read by specialists of Italian and German political development and comparative politics and by students of political institutions more broadly."—Sergio Fabbrini, Political Science, University of Trento, editor of Italian Journal of Political Science"With calm, knowledgeable precision, Daniel Ziblatt wades into the adjacent swamps of federalism and nineteenth-century European history, emerging with hands full of gems. Beneath the tangle of great statesmen and national culture he discovers conflicting regional political interests, sharp regional variations in political capacity, fearful defenses against excessive democracy, coercive conquest of weak states, and unintended consequences galore. Read, think, and learn."—Charles Tilly, Columbia University"A work of the highest quality and significance, Structuring the State represents an original contribution to both political science and macrohistorical sociology for three reasons. First, it applies a variety of quantitative methods to the kind of comparative historical problem that is usually approached in an entirely qualitative way. Second, it overcomes the old division between society- and state-centered explanations for Italian and German unification by integrating them in a creative manner, while also pointing to other factors often overlooked in standard accounts. Finally, it challenges directly the dominant rational choice model of federalism by refuting the contention that politicians at the center are always power maximizers."—Thomas Ertman, New York University, author of Birth of the Leviathan: Building States and Regimes in Medieval and Early Modern Europe"In Structuring the State, Daniel Ziblatt contends that previous scholarship in political science has overlooked a key determinant of state structure, namely the pre-existing administrative and institutional capacity in newly absorbed states. Well-organized, well written, and employing the most advanced methods of comparative-historical research in a sophisticated and clear fashion, the book moves forward with clarity and grace. Political scientists, sociologists, and historians working on the development of modern organizations—and indeed policy makers interested in building state capacity—will all learn from this timely volume."—Andrew C. Gould, University of Notre Dame, author of The Origins of Liberal Dominance: State, Church, and Party in Nineteenth-Century Europe

This is the most important book on state-building to appear in recent years. In addition to offering the definitive account of Italy's and Germany's creation, Ziblatt's work also sets the agenda for future scholarship on the comparative study of federalism. Rich narrative combined with theoretical sophistication bring new life to a very important set of debates about the origins of federalism and nation-states more broadly. This work should be read by specialists of Italian and German political development and comparative politics and by students of political institutions more broadly. -- Sergio Fabbrini, Political Science, University of Trento, editor of "Italian Journal of Political Science" With calm, knowledgeable precision, Daniel Ziblatt wades into the adjacent swamps of federalism and nineteenth-century European history, emerging with hands full of gems. Beneath the tangle of great statesmen and national culture he discovers conflicting regional political interests, sharp regional variations in political capacity, fearful defenses against excessive democracy, coercive conquest of weak states, and unintended consequences galore. Read, think, and learn. -- Charles Tilly, Columbia University A work of the highest quality and significance, Structuring the State represents an original contribution to both political science and macrohistorical sociology for three reasons. First, it applies a variety of quantitative methods to the kind of comparative historical problem that is usually approached in an entirely qualitative way. Second, it overcomes the old division between society- and state-centered explanations for Italian and German unification by integrating them in a creative manner, while also pointing to other factors often overlooked in standard accounts. Finally, it challenges directly the dominant rational choice model of federalism by refuting the contention that politicians at the center are always power maximizers. -- Thomas Ertman, New York University, author of "Birth of the Leviathan: Building States" and "Regimes in Medieval and Early Modern Europe" In Structuring the State, Daniel Ziblatt contends that previous scholarship in political science has overlooked a key determinant of state structure, namely the pre-existing administrative and institutional capacity in newly absorbed states. Well-organized, well written, and employing the most advanced methods of comparative-historical research in a sophisticated and clear fashion, the book moves forward with clarity and grace. Political scientists, sociologists, and historians working on the development of modern organizations--and indeed policy makers interested in building state capacity--will all learn from this timely volume. -- Andrew C. Gould, University of Notre Dame, author of "The Origins of Liberal Dominance: State, Church, and Party in Nineteenth-Century Europe"