List of Tables and Figures


List of Abbreviations


Foreword by Merle Goldman


Preface


Acknowledgments


1. Introduction: Toward a Political Sociology of China's Intellectuals

Four Types of Intellectuals and Four Political Roles
The Ideological Foundations of Intellectuals' Political Roles
Ethical Dilemmas Facing Intellectuals
The Chinese Intellectual: A Typology
Conclusions


2. From Uniformity to Fragmentation: Intellectuals in the Mao Era (1949–1976) and in the First Deng Period (1977–1989)


A High Degree of Uniformity with Limited Resistance: The Mao Era (1949–1976)
The Beginnings of Fragmentation: First Period of the Deng Era (1977–1989)
Conclusions


3. Critical Intellectuals


The Social Environment after 1989
The Critical Intellectual Discourses
The Democracy Movement
Other Social Critics: Some Examples
Conclusions: the Politics of Critical Intellectuals

4. Bourgeoisified and Professionalized Intellectuals


The Bourgeoisification of Intellectuals
The Professionalization of Intellectuals


5. Social Class and Organic Intellectuals


Class and Class Structure in Formation
Organic Intellectuals
Conclusions: Contradictory Class Locations of Organic Intellectuals


6. Intellectuals as a Class


Are Intellectuals a Class?
Chinese Intellectuals as a Class
The Elitist Flaw of the Intellectual Class
Conclusions


7. Summary and Conclusion: The Future of China's Intellectuals


The Changing Politics of China's Knowledge Workers
The Future of China's Intellectuals


Appendix: A Note on the Concept of the Intellectual


Transition from Literati to Intellectuals: The Chinese Story
Transition from Philosophers to Intellectuals: The Western Story
Definitions of the Modern Intellectual


Notes


Bibliography


Index of Chinese Names and Phrases


Subject and Name Index