This second edition presents an enriched and expanded exploration of the fundamental principles of thermodynamics tailored for graduate-level studies. Drawing on over three decades of academic teaching experience, the author has refined the content, making it more accessible and comprehensive. Chapter 1 has been restructured for clarity, delineating "Legendre Transformation" and "Thermodynamic Potentials" into separate sections, while the treatment of "Chemical Potentials" has been significantly augmented, encompassing two-component ideal gas mixtures and a re-derivation of chemical potentials for dilute solutions. Additionally, the section on thermodynamic stability now boasts enhanced explanations and illustrative figures. Chapter 2 introduces a groundbreaking section, "Electrolyte Solution in Electric Field as a Non-Uniform System," providing fresh insights into unexplored realms. Chapter 3, now enriched with several new sections, delves into topics such as "Contact Angles on Heterogeneous Surfaces and Rough Surfaces," "Elastic Liquid-Fluid Interface," "Curvature Effect on Surface Tension," "Solute Effect on Equilibrium Pressure," and "Heterogeneous Bubble Nucleation in a Dilute Solution." Chapter 4 features new elucidations and discussions aimed at bolstering comprehension, while the entirely new Chapter 5 offers solutions to selected homework and exam questions, adding a practical dimension to the theoretical framework. This edition, encompassing approximately 50% new content, expands the book by 131 pages, rendering it an even more invaluable resource for professors instructing advanced thermodynamics and graduate students delving into this intricate subject matter.