Bringing together preeminent international researchers, emerging scholars and practitioners, Paul M. Pedersen presents the comprehensive Encyclopedia of Sport Management, offering detailed entries for the critical concepts and topics in the field.

Contents: Preface xviii Academic history of sport management 1 Alan S. Kornspan Accreditation 3 Heather Alderman Activation 6 Jonathan J. Benedek Active aging 8 Richard Keith Wright Activism 9 Elizabeth A. Gregg Adaptive sport 11 Joshua R. Pate Advertising 12 Minkyo Lee Agency 14 Charles Mountifield and Stirling Sharpe Agenda setting 15 Evan Frederick Agents 16 Charles Mountifield and Stirling Sharpe Aging and sport 18 Amy Chan Hyung Kim Alternative sports 19 Sehwan Kim and Jepkorir Rose Chepyator-Thomson Amateur sport 20 Ary Jose Rocco Junior Amateur sport athlete development 22 Thordis Gisladottir and Patrick A. Reid Ambush marketing 23 John Grady Americans with Disabilities Act 24 Joshua R. Pate Analytics 26 N. David Pifer Antitrust 29 Mark S. Nagel Apps 30 Troy T. Zhao and James J. Zhang Arbitration 32 Michael Fraina Associations 33 Alan S. Kornspan Athlete branding 35 Antonio S. Williams and Zack P. Pedersen Athlete development 36 Sarah E. Stokowski Athlete representation 37 Jörg Krieger and Austin Duckworth Athletic conferences 39 David Zinn Athletic director 40 Eric Forsyth Atmospherics 42 Jason W. Lee Attendance 43 Payam Ansari and Dominik Schreyer Audience 45 Tang Tang Automated sports journalism 47 Jessica Kunert and Sam Duncan Barriers 48 Darby Taylor and Patrick A. Reid Benchmarking 50 James Moore Betting 50 Arif Yüce Bias 53 Tomika Ferguson and Vanessa Moore Blogging 55 Dustin Hahn Boosters 56 Sandra Shawver Bowl system 57 Annemarie Farrell and Rachel Madsen Brand marks 58 Zack P. Pedersen and Antonio S. Williams Branding 60 Jason W. Lee Broadcasting 64 Valerie Bonnet Cannabis and sport 65 Tywan G. Martin and Mike James Cause-related marketing 67 Keevan Statz Celebrity 68 Timothy Robeers Centrality 70 Jeremy J. Foreman Civic engagement 71 Alex Gang and Eunah Jo Cloud computing 74 Philip F. Estes Club system 75 Katja Sonkeng and Jepkorir Rose Chepyator-Thomson Collective bargaining agreement 77 Farah J. Ishaq Collegiate sport governance 78 Brian Hofman Commercialization 82 Tomasz Taraszkiewicz and Julia Ziółkowska Commissioner 83 Ryan Vooris Communication 84 Chris Galloway and Trish Bradbury Communication literacy 86 Hamid Ghasemi Community relations 87 Brody J. Ruihley Community sport management 89 Troy Carlton and Aryn Dorr Competencies 92 Trish Bradbury and Chris Galloway Competitive balance 93 Bradley J. Baker Compliance 95 Thordis Gisladottir and Patrick A. Reid Concessions 96 Mark A. Slavich Consumer behavior 98 Kevin K. Byon Content analysis 101 Laura M. Hatfield Contracts 102 Ted Curtis Convention and visitors’ bureaus 103 Daniel Ballou Corporate communication 105 Karen L. Hartman Corporate social responsibility 106 Ju Young Lee Corruption 109 Eddie T. C. Lam Creativity 112 Kasey Symons Crisis communication 113 Frauke Hachtmann Crisis management 114 Chris Galloway and Trish Bradbury Critical race theory 115 Jonathan E. Howe Critical theory 117 Shannon Jolly and Jepkorir Rose Chepyator-Thomson Crowd management 118 Wooyoung (William) Jang Cultural awareness 120 Jaime Orejan Culture 121 Peyton J. Stensland Curriculum 123 Chad Witkemper Customer lifetime value 124 Sandra Shawver Customer relationship marketing 125 Jennifer Y. Mak Customer service 126 Kevin P. Cattani Data 128 Wanyong Choi Data collection 129 Sangchul Park Data management 131 Yilun Zhou and Sarah Heck Decision-making 132 Jessica R. Braunstein-Minkove Demographics 134 Eddie T. C. Lam Design thinking 135 Greg Joachim Diffusion of innovations 137 Jung Woo Lee Diplomacy 138 Brennan K. Berg Disability in sport 141 Joshua R. Pate Discrimination 142 Nicolas Delorme Distant fans 144 Haozhou Pu Diversification 145 Sascha L. Schmidt and Johannes Fühner Diversity 147 Cara Holdsclaw Documentaries and films 148 Devin Anderson and Demetrius Pearson Doping 150 Byron O. Juma and Jules Woolf Draft 152 Sean Seiler and Jepkorir Rose Chepyator-Thomson Drug testing 153 Jörg Krieger and April Henning Ecology 155 Madeleine Orr Economic impact 157 Ryan Brewer Economics 158 Ary Jose Rocco Junior Electronic gaming 160 David P. Hedlund Emotional intelligence 161 Kevin P. Cattani Employability 162 Kimberly J. Bodey and Chad Witkemper Endorsement 163 Jessica R. Braunstein-Minkove Entrepreneurship 165 Robert Case E-sports 166 David P. Hedlund Ethics 169 Michael A. Ross Event experience 170 Mark A. Slavich Event impacts 172 Luke Potwarka Event management 174 Luke Mashburn Exercising sovereignty 178 Alisse Ali-Joseph and Natalie M. Welch Experimental research 180 Sean Pradhan Extreme sports 182 Rocco P. Porreca Facility management 183 Luke Mashburn Family and sport 187 Hope Grame-Zeller Fan activism 188 Alex Gang and Juho Park Fan avidity 190 Cheri L. Bradish Fan identification 191 Ilan Tamir Fantasy sports 192 Braden Norris Festival and event impact 193 Grzegorz Kwiatkowski and Ewa Malchrowicz-Mośko Fiction 194 Kasey Symons Finance 195 Dylan Williams Fitness management 199 Anne L. DeMartini Focus groups 201 Ashley Bowers and Myia Graves Foreign players 202 Darby Taylor and Patrick A. Reid Framing 204 Evan Frederick Free agency 205 Ted Curtis Game theory 206 Bradley J. Baker Gender 207 Lucie Schoch Gender equality 209 Lucie Schoch Gender imprinting 210 Thordis Gisladottir and Patrick A. Reid Geography 211 Gidon Jakar Globalization 212 Yilun Zhou and Sarah Heck Glocalization 214 John Harris Golf management 216 Tim Breitbarth and Geoff Dickson Governance 217 Eddie T. C. Lam Grassroots 220 Stirling Sharpe and Charles Mountifield Grounded theory 222 Frauke Hachtmann Groupthink 223 Sabrina Reed and Hailey Daehnke Growth hacking 225 Jan Boehmer Guest service 226 Lance C. Hatfield Hallmark sports events 228 Richard Keith Wright Hazing 229 Brian Crow Hegemony 230 Luca Bifulco Hidden disabilities 232 Samantha Roberts Historically Black Colleges and Universities 233 Lawrence Julius Hanks II History of sport management 235 Alan S. Kornspan Hospitality 237 Luiza Ossowska and Dorota Janiszewska Human-centered design 239 David Pierce and Erica Shonkwiler Human resource management 241 Stirling Sharpe and Charles Mountifield Human rights 242 Alex Gang and Colton T. Ames Inclusivity 243 Cara Holdsclaw Indigenous sport 245 Natalie M. Welch and Alisse Ali-Joseph Industry 247 Julia Ziółkowska and Tomasz Taraszkiewicz Influencer marketing 248 Jessica R. Braunstein-Minkove Informatics 250 Hallie Murray Information and communication technology 251 Hansol Hwang and Hyejoo Yang Innovation 253 Natalie L. Smith Institutional logics 254 Richard M. Southall Integrated marketing communication 255 Jan Boehmer Intellectual property 257 Sungho Cho Intercollegiate athletics 259 Kathryn Shea International sport management 262 Samantha Roberts Internships 263 Jonathan J. Benedek Interpersonal skills 264 Hamid Ghasemi and Braden Norris Interscholastic athletics 266 Scott Grant Interviewing 268 Yair Galily Nostalgia 335 Mark A. Slavich Online communication networks 336 Juha Yoon Organizational behavior 338 Cassandra Coble Organizational justice 341 Claudia Benavides-Espinoza Organizational networks 343 Hagen Wäsche Organizational socialization 344 Gregory A. Cranmer Organizational structure 346 Zachary Evans Organizational theory 348 Ary Jose Rocco Junior Outsourcing 349 Ashley Bowers Pandemic 350 Jörg-Uwe Nieland and Daniel Nölleke Parasocial 351 Bradley J. Baker Parenting and sport 353 Hope Grame-Zeller Pedagogy 354 Chad Witkemper Performance management 355 Kimberly J. Bodey and Chad Witkemper Performing sport politics 356 Trygve B. Broch Phenomenology 357 Joshua D. Vadeboncoeur Philanthropy 359 Elisabeth Erickson Philosophy 360 Rocco P. Porreca Podcasts 362 Tyler Ratts and Jonathan J. Benedek Policy 363 Brennan K. Berg Politics 366 Anthony Weems Positions 367 Jillian McNiff Villemaire Positive psychology 368 Angela Robles and Paul Saville Pricing 369 Jennifer Y. Mak Product 370 Arif Yüce Professional sport 372 Kristi Sweeney Program management 373 Ashley Bowers and Jill Sharp Promotion mix 374 Eddie T. C. Lam Psychographics 376 Brandon J. Pottebaum and Beth A. Cianfrone Psychology 378 Angela Robles and Paul Saville Public health 379 Amy Chan Hyung Kim Public relations 381 Brody J. Ruihley Qualitative research 382 Robbie Matz Quantitative research 384 Tang Tang Racism 385 Cara Holdsclaw Radio 387 Hans C. Schmidt Real estate development 388 Judith Grant Long Recreation management 390 Martin Barrett Recruiting 392 Karlee A. Posteher Referee management 393 Jacob K. Tingle Reflexivity 395 Joshua D. Vadeboncoeur Relationship marketing 397 Rebecca M. Achen and Gashaw Abeza Religion 399 Michał Mazurkiewicz Reputation management 400 Chris Galloway and Trish Bradbury Research methods 401 Gashaw Abeza and Vinu Selvaratnam Retail 404 Luke L. Mao Return on investment 406 Natalie Bunch and Beth A. Cianfrone Revenue sharing 407 Ryan Spalding Risk management 409 Michael A. Ross and Heath Hooper Rooney Rule 410 Jeremy J. Foreman Salary caps 412 Hayden Coombs and Braden Bagley Sales 413 Alex Stoikos Sanctioning 414 Meungguk Park Scale development 415 Kevin K. Byon Security management 416 Janet M. Howes Segmentation 418 Zack P. Pedersen and Antonio S. Williams Self-presentation 419 Bo Li Semiotics 421 Jung Woo Lee Serious leisure 422 Richard Keith Wright Service 424 Hannah Huiyuan Bo and James J. Zhang Service quality 425 Jennifer Y. Mak Sexism 426 Cara Lucia Sexual abuse 427 Brian Hofman Sexual harassment 428 Brian Hofman Sexual orientation 430 Anna Baeth Signage 431 Jillian McNiff Villemaire Significant others and sport 432 Hope Grame-Zeller Social capital 433 Alex Gang and Eunah Jo Social class 434 Luca Bifulco Social cognitive theory 436 Ashley Bowers and Keri Larsen Social identity theory 437 Jackson Sears and Beth A. Cianfrone Social justice 438 Kelly Brummett and Antonio S. Williams Social learning theory 440 Chenelle Kruger Goyen and Jepkorir Rose Chepyator-Thomson Social media 441 Jimmy Sanderson Social network analysis 445 Hagen Wäsche Socialization 447 Lucie Schoch Sociology 448 Elisabeth Erickson Soft power 451 Alex Gang and Colton T. Ames Sponsorship 453 T. Bettina Cornwell Sponsorship evaluation 454 Norm O’Reilly Sports commissions 456 Cheri L. Bradish Sports information 457 Kyungun (Ryan) Kim and Woo-Young Lee Sportscape 458 Jason W. Lee Stacking 460 Steve Jackson Statistics 461 Dustin Hahn Storytelling 463 Tim Breitbarth and Sam Duncan Strategic communication 464 Mark Dottori and Alex Sévigny Strategic management 466 Jeremy J. Foreman Strategic Sport Communication Model 469 Mark Dottori and Alex Sévigny Streaming 470 Sarah Wymer Structural equation modeling 472 Kevin K. Byon Student-athlete 474 Karlee A. Posteher Supporters club 475 Sandra Shawver Survey research 476 Sangchul Park Sustainability 477 Stavros Triantafyllidis SWOT analysis 480 Trish Bradbury and Chris Galloway Tailgating 482 Andy Gillentine Talent acquisition 483 Abdulsamad Olajide Yusuf and Oladele Isiaka Oladipo Talent evaluation 484 Abdulsamad Olajide Yusuf and Oladele Isiaka Oladipo Target market 485 Woo-Young Lee and Kyungun (Ryan) Kim Technology 486 Cheri L. Bradish Ticket markets 487 Olzhas Taniyev Ticketing 489 Emily M. Newell Title IX 490 Brian Hofman Tourism 493 Kelsey Slater Trade publications 494 Kimberly J. Bodey and Chad Witkemper Tragedy 495 Brian Hofman Urbanism 496 Valerio della Sala Uses and gratifications 498 Warwick Reider and Bo Li Valuation 499 Ryan Brewer Violence 501 Dustin Hahn Virtual advertising 502 Arif Yüce Virtual collaboration software 504 Hallie Murray Vision 505 Michael Baptiste Volunteer management 507 Randall Griffiths Volunteer motivation 510 Stirling Sharpe and Charles Mountifield Wearable technologies and analytics 511 Lauren Burch Websites 513 Katja Sonkeng and Jepkorir Rose Chepyator-Thomson Women in sport 514 Darlene A. Kluka and Anneliese Goslin Word of mouth 518 Jinwook (Jason) Chung XReality 520 Andreas Hebbel-Seeger and Thomas Horky Youth sport development 522 Jeffrey R. Farr Youth sport management 523 Troy Carlton Index 528