Contents: 1 Introducing critical studies of artificial intelligence 1 Simon Lindgren PART I AI AND CRITICAL THEORY: CONCEPTUAL DISCUSSIONS 2 Recursive power: AI governmentality and technofutures 21 Fenwick McKelvey and Jonathan Roberge 3 The danger of smart ideologies: counter-hegemonic intelligence and antagonistic machines 33 Peter Bloom 4 The becoming of AI: a critical perspective on the contingent formation of AI 43 Anna Jobin and Christian Katzenbach 5 Artificial intelligence and the problem of radical uncertainty 56 Robert Holton 6 Trading human autonomy for technological automation 67 Simona Chiodo 7 Automation anxiety: a critical history – the apparently odd recurrence of debates about computation, AI and labour 79 Caroline Bassett and Ben Roberts 8 AI, critical knowledge and subjectivity 94 Eran Fisher 9 Habits and habitus in algorithmic culture 108 Stefka Hristova 10 Algorithms and emerging forms of intimacy 117 Tanja Wiehn 11 It’s incomprehensible: on machine learning and decoloniality 128 Abeba Birhane and Zeerak Talat 12 Pragmatism and AI: a critical approach 141 Johnathan Flowers 13 Digital humanism and AI 152 Wolfgang Hofkirchner and Hans-Jörg Kreowski 14 Beyond AI solutionism: toward a multi-disciplinary approach to artificial intelligence in society 163 Simon Lindgren and Virginia Dignum 15 Artificial intelligence and social memory: towards the cyborgian remembrance of an advancing mnemo-technic 173 Samuel Merrill 16 Making sense of AI-influenced geopolitics using STS theories 187 Arun Teja Polcumpally PART II AI IMAGINARIES AND DISCOURSES 17 Bothering the binaries: unruly AI futures of hauntings and hope at the limit 199 Amanda Lagerkvist and Bo Reimer 18 Imaginaries of artificial intelligence 209 Vanessa Richter, Christian Katzenbach and Mike Schäfer 19 Language of algorithms: agency, metaphors and deliberations in AI discourses 224 Kaisla Kajava and Nitin Sawhney 20 Technological failures, controversies and the myth of AI 237 Andrea Ballatore and Simone Natale 21 Marking the lines of artificial intelligence 245 Mario Verdicchio 22 The critical potential of science fiction 254 Miroslav Kotásek 23 A critical review of news framing of artificial intelligence 266 Ching-Hua Chuan 24 Media representations of artificial intelligence: surveying the field 277 Saba Rebecca Brause, Jing Zeng, Mike S. Schäfer and Christian Katzenbach 25 Educational imaginaries of AI 289 Lina Rahm PART III THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF AI: DATAFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE 26 Critical AI studies meets critical political economy 302 Pieter Verdegem 27 The industry of automating automation: the political economy of the AI industry 312 James Steinhoff 28 AI, class societies and the social life of reason 323 Scott Timcke 29 Re-imagining democracy: AI’s challenge to political theory 333 Guy Paltieli 30 AI as automated inequality: statistics, surveillance and discrimination 343 Mike Zajko 31 Digital tracking and infrastructural power 354 Stine Lomborg, Rasmus Helles and Signe Sophus Lai 32 AI and the everyday political economy of global health 367 Michael Strange and Jason Tucker 33 Addressing global inequity in AI development 378 Chinasa T. Okolo PART IV AI TRANSPARENCY, ETHICS AND REGULATION 34 A critical approach to AI ethics 391 Rosalie A. Waelen 35 Power and inequalities: lifting the veil of ignorance in AI ethics 402 Anais Resseguier 36 Barriers to regulating AI: critical observations from a fractured field 413 Ashlin Lee, Will Orr, Walter G. Johnson, Jenna Imad Harb and Kathryn Henne 37 Why artificial intelligence is not transparent: a critical analysis of its three opacity layers 424 Manuel Carabantes 38 How to critique the GDPR: when data protection is turned against the working class 435 Carl Öhman 39 Four facets of AI transparency 445 Stefan Larsson, Kashyap Haresamudram, Charlotte Högberg, Yucong Lao, Axel Nyström, Kasia Söderlund and Fredrik Heintz 40 An inclusive approach to ascribing responsibility in robot ethics 456 Janina Loh 41 Machines and morals: moral reasoning ability might indicate how close AI is to attaining true equivalence with human intelligence 470 Sukanto Bhattacharya 42 A women’s rights perspective on safe artificial intelligence inside the United Nations 481 Eleonore Fournier-Tombs 43 From ethics to politics: changing approaches to AI education 493 Randy Connolly 44 The transparency of reason: ethical issues of AI art 504 Dejan Grba PART V AI BIAS, NORMATIVITY AND DISCRIMINATION 45 Learning about human behavior? The transcendental status of grammars of action in the processing of HCI data 516 Andreas Beinsteiner 46 Algorithmic moderation: contexts, perceptions, and misconceptions 528 João Gonçalves and Ina Weber 47 Algorithmic exclusion 538 Kendra Albert and Maggie Delano 48 Prospective but disconnected partners: AI-informed criminal risk prediction 549 Kelly Hannah-Moffat and Fernando Avila 49 Power asymmetries, epistemic imbalances and barriers to knowledge: the (im)possibility of knowing algorithms 563 Ana Pop Stefanija 50 Gender, race and the invisible labor of artificial intelligence 573 Laila Brown 51 Machine learning normativity as performativity 584 Tyler Reigeluth 52 Queer eye on AI: binary systems versus fluid identities 595 Karin Danielsson, Andrea Aler Tubella, Evelina Liliequist and Coppélie Cocq 53 Representational silence and racial biases in commercial image recognition services in the context of religion 607 Anton Berg and Katja Valaskivi 54 Social media as classification systems: procedural normative choices in user profiling 619 Severin Engelmann and Orestis Papakyriakopoulos 55 From hate speech recognition to happiness indexing: critical issues in datafication of emotion in text mining 631 Salla-Maaria Laaksonen, Juho Pääkkönen and Emily Öhman PART VI POLITICS AND ACTIVISM IN AI 56 Democratic friction in speech governance by AI 643 Niva Elkin-Koren and Maayan Perel 57 Automating empathy: overview, technologies, criticism 656 Andrew McStay and Vian Bakir 58 Ideational tensions in the Swedish automation debate: initial findings 670 Kalle Eriksson 59 En-countering AI as algorhythmic practice 682 Shintaro Miyazaki 60 Introducing political ecology of Creative-Ai 691 Andre Holzapfel PART VII AI AND AUTOMATION IN SOCIETY 61 Automated decision-making in the public sector 705 Vanja Carlsson, Malin Rönnblom and Andreas Öjehag-Pettersson 62 The landscape of social bot research: a critical appraisal 716 Harry Yaojun Yan and Kai-Cheng Yang 63 Introducing robots and AI in human service organizations: what are the implications for employees and service users? 726 Susanne Tafvelin, Jan Hjelte, Robyn Schimmer, Maria Forsgren, Vicenc Torra and Andreas Stenling 64 Critically analyzing autonomous materialities 737 Mikael Wiberg 65 Exploring critical dichotomies of AI and the Rule of Law 749 Markus Naarttijärvi 66 The use of AI in domestic security practices 763 Jens Hälterlein 67 Methodological reflections on researching the sociotechnical imaginaries of AI in policing 773 Carrie B. Sanders and Janet Chan 68 Emergence of artificial intelligence in health care: a critical review 783 Annika M. Svensson and Fabrice Jotterand 69 The politics of imaginary technologies: innovation ecosystems as political choreographies for promoting care robotics in health care 793 Jaana Parviainen 70 AI in education: landscape, vision and critical ethical challenges in the 21st century 804 Daniel S. Schiff and Rinat Rosenberg-Kima 71 Critically assessing AI/ML for cultural heritage: potentials and challenges 815 Anna Foka, Lina Eklund, Anders Sundnes Løvlie and Gabriele Griffin 72 AI ethnography 826 Anne Dippel and Andreas Sudmann 73 Automating social theory 845 Ralph Schroeder 74 Artificial intelligence and scientific problem choice at the nexus of industry and academia 859 Steve G. Hoffman 75 Myths, techno solutionism and artificial intelligence: reclaiming AI materiality and its massive environmental costs 869 Benedetta Brevini 76 AI governance and civil society: the need for critical engagement 878 Megan LePere-Schloop and Sandy Zook Index 891