Sustainable and Resilient Engineering Drivers, Metrics, Tools, and Applications
Produktdetaljer
Biografisk notat
Krishna R. Reddy, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE, ENV SP is a University Scholar, Distinguished Researcher, Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and the Director of both the Sustainable Engineering Research Laboratory and the Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Laboratory in the Department of Civil, Materials and Environmental Engineering at the University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Claudio Cameselle, Ph.D. is a Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Vigo, Spain.
Jeffrey A. Adams, Ph.D., P.E., ENV SP is a Principal Consultant of ENGEO Incorporated in San Ramon, California, USA.
Definitions, methodologies, and current applications of the principles of sustainability and resiliency in all engineering disciplines
Sustainable and Resilient Engineering provides a comprehensive exploration of the scientific basis, methodologies, and practical applications of sustainability and resiliency in engineering. With an emphasis on the tri-sectoral dimensions of the economy, environment, and society, as well as an increased emphasis on resilience across these dimensions, this textbook equips readers with the knowledge and expertise to evaluate, design, and enhance engineering solutions across a wide range of fields spanning from civil infrastructure and energy engineering to waste management and land use planning.
The text also presents a set of case studies across different engineering disciplines such as bio/chemical, environmental, materials, construction, and infrastructure engineering that demonstrate the practical applicability of sustainability and resiliency assessments for a diverse range of projects.
The new edition features updated content on sustainability assessment tools and expands on the critical role of resiliency, emphasizing the interplay between sustainability and resiliency, in engineered systems. The new edition of Sustainable and Resilient Engineering also provides updates on topics including:
- Climate-resilient engineering basics and assessment methodologies
- Role of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, remote sensing, robotics, digital twins, and the Internet of Things in achieving sustainability and resiliency
- Sustainable engineered materials, nature-based solutions, and resource recovery
- Wastewater treatment as another source for non-potable water use applications
- Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) concepts and environmental justice
Updated pedagogical features include spreadsheet tools, lecture slides, goals/objectives sections, end-of-chapter problem sets, new exercises and examples, and a solutions manual.
Sustainable and Resilient Engineering is an excellent up-to-date textbook for introductory and advanced university courses on sustainability and resiliency. It is also valuable as an advanced manual/reference for practitioners and professionals in their design, review, implementation, advisory, or oversight activities.
Preface for the Second Edition xix
Preface for the First Edition xxi
About the Companion Website xxv
Section I Drivers, Environmental, Economic and Social Impacts, and Resiliency 1
1 Emerging Challenges, Sustainability, Resiliency, and Sustainable and Resilient Engineering 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Emerging Challenges 4
1.2.1 Increased Consumption and Depletion of Natural Resources 4
1.2.1.1 Easter Island Example 4
1.2.1.2 Metallic Ores Consumption Example 5
1.2.2 Growing Environmental Pollution 6
1.2.3 Increasing Population 7
1.2.4 Increasing Waste Generation 9
1.2.5 Increasing Greenhouse Gas Emissions 11
1.2.5.1 Climate Change and Extreme Weather Impacts: Hurricane Sandy Example 15
1.2.6 Decline of Ecosystems 16
1.2.7 Loss of Biodiversity 17
1.2.8 Social Injustice 17
1.2.9 Urban Sprawl 19
1.3 The Master Equation or IPAT Equation 20
1.4 What Is Sustainability? 21
1.4.1 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 23
1.4.2 What Is Sustainable Engineering? 27
1.5 What Is Resiliency? 33
1.5.1 What Is Resilient Engineering? 33
1.5.2 Difference Between Resiliency and Sustainability 34
1.6 Integrated Sustainable and Resilient Engineering 35
1.7 Summary 35
1.8 Questions 36
1.9 Problems 37
References 43
2 Environmental Concerns 47
2.1 Introduction 47
2.2 Global Warming and Climate Change 48
2.2.1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report 56
2.3 Desertification 57
2.4 Deforestation 59
2.5 Loss of Habitat and Biodiversity 60
2.6 Ozone Layer Depletion 61
2.7 Air Pollution 63
2.8 Smog 65
2.9 Acid Rain 65
2.10 Water Usage and Pollution 68
2.11 Eutrophication 74
2.12 Salinity 74
2.13 Wastes and Disposal 75
2.14 Land Contamination 83
2.15 Visibility 84
2.16 Odors 84
2.17 Aesthetic Degradation 85
2.18 Land Use Patterns 85
2.19 Thermal Pollution 85
2.20 Noise Pollution 86
2.21 Summary 86
2.22 Questions 87
2.23 Problems 88
References 92
3 Social, Economic, and Legal Issues 97
3.1 Introduction 97
3.2 Social Issues 98
3.2.1 Society 98
3.2.2 Developed and Developing Societies 99
3.2.3 Social Sustainability Concept 100
3.2.4 Social Indicators 100
3.2.5 Social Impact and Social Vulnerability Assessment Framework 102
3.2.6 Social Sustainability Implementation 107
3.2.7 Equity 107
3.2.8 Environmental Justice 107
3.3 Economic Issues 110
3.3.1 Economic Assessment Framework 111
3.3.2 Life Cycle Costing 113
3.3.3 True-cost Accounting 114
3.4 Legal and Governance Issues 115
3.5 Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Reporting 116
3.6 Summary 117
3.7 Questions 118
3.8 Problems 118
References 122
4 Availability and Depletion of Natural Resources 125
4.1 Introduction 125
4.2 Types and Availability of Resources 126
4.2.1 Fossil Fuels 126
4.2.2 Radioactive Fuels 132
4.2.3 Mineral Resources 132
4.2.4 Water Resources 134
4.2.5 Other Elemental Cycles 136
4.3 Resource Depletion 141
4.3.1 Causes of Resource Depletion 141
4.3.2 Effects of Resource Depletion 142
4.3.3 Overshooting 146
4.3.4 Urban Metabolism 147
4.4 Summary 147
4.5 Questions 148
4.6 Problems 149
References 153
5 Disaster Resiliency 157
5.1 Introduction 157
5.2 Climate Change and Extreme Events 158
5.2.1 Rising Temperatures 158
5.2.2 Sea Level Rise 160
5.2.3 Extreme Weather Events 160
5.2.4 Droughts and Floods 161
5.2.5 Wildfires 162
5.3 Impacts of Extreme Events 163
5.3.1 Hurricanes, Storms, and Floods 163
5.3.2 Wildfires by Drought and Record Heat 166
5.4 What Is Resiliency? 166
5.5 Initiatives and Policies on Resiliency 172
5.6 Resilient Design of Infrastructure 176
5.7 Resiliency Assessment Framework 178
5.7.1 Technical Resiliency 180
5.7.2 Cascading Impacts of Resiliency 182
5.8 Resilient Infrastructure Examples 184
5.8.1 San Francisco Firehouse Resilient Design 184
5.8.2 San Francisco Resilient CSD Design 184
5.8.3 Resilient Environmental Remediation 188
5.9 Managed Retreat and Cost-Benefits 194
5.10 Soft Infrastructure 194
5.11 Challenges 195
5.12 Summary 195
5.13 Questions 196
5.14 Problems 196
References 199
Section II Sustainability and Resiliency Metrics and Assessment Tools 203
6 Sustainability and Resiliency Indicators, Metrics, and Assessment Tools 205
6.1 Introduction 205
6.2 Attributes of Sustainability and Resiliency Indicators 206
6.3 Sustainability Indicators 206
6.4 Sustainability Metrics 217
6.5 Sustainability Assessment Tools 219
6.6 Resiliency Indicators 221
6.7 Resiliency Metrics 226
6.8 Resiliency Assessment Tools 228
6.9 Integrated Sustainability and Resilience Assessment Tools 230
6.10 Summary 230
6.11 Questions 231
6.12 Problems 232
References 233
7 Material Flow Analysis and Material Budget 235
7.1 Introduction 235
7.2 Budget of Natural Resources 236
7.3 Constructing a Budget 238
7.4 Material Flow Analysis 238
7.5 Material Flow Analysis: Wastes 242
7.6 National Material Account 245
7.7 Summary 250
7.8 Questions 250
7.9 Problems 251
References 253
8 Carbon Footprint Analysis 255
8.1 Introduction 255
8.2 Global Warming Potential and Carbon Footprint 256
8.3 Measuring Carbon Footprint 257
8.3.1 Define the Scope of Your Inventory 257
8.3.2 Measure Emissions and Establish a Baseline 258
8.3.3 Develop Targets and Strategies to Reduce Emissions 258
8.3.4 Offset Unavoidable Emissions 258
8.3.5 Independent Verification 261
8.4 Standards for Calculating the Carbon Footprint 261
8.5 GHG Inventory: Developments in the United States 262
8.6 USEPA: Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program 262
8.7 Tools for GHG Inventory 262
8.8 Carbon Footprint Case Study 264
8.9 Programs to Mitigate GHG Emissions 270
8.10 Climate Action Plans 272
8.11 Carbon Markets: Credits/Offsets 274
8.12 Summary 274
8.13 Questions 275
8.14 Problems 275
References 276
9 Life Cycle Assessment 279
9.1 Introduction 279
9.2 Life Cycle Assessment 280
9.2.1 Definition and Objective 280
9.2.2 Procedure 281
9.2.3 History 282
9.3 LCA Methodology 284
9.3.1 Goal and Scope Definition 285
9.3.2 Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) 286
9.3.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) 289
9.3.4 Interpretation 294
9.4 LCA Tools and Applications 296
9.5 Summary 299
9.6 Questions 300
9.7 Problems 301
References 303
10 Streamlined Life Cycle Assessment 305
10.1 Introduction 305
10.2 Streamlined LCA (SLCA) 306
10.3 Expanded SLCA 310
10.4 Simple Example of SLCA 312
10.5 Applications of SLCA 318
10.6 Summary 324
10.7 Questions 324
10.8 Problems 324
References 326
11 Economic Input–Output Life Cycle Assessment 327
11.1 Introduction 327
11.2 EIO Model 328
11.3 EIO-LCA 330
11.4 EIO-LCA Model Results 331
11.4.1 Interpretation of Results 331
11.4.2 Uncertainty 331
11.4.3 Other Issues and Considerations 332
11.5 Projects Using the EIO-LCA Model 332
11.6 Conventional LCA versus EIO-LCA 335
11.7 EIO versus Physical Input–Output (PIO) Analysis 337
11.8 Summary 339
11.9 Questions 340
11.10 Problems 340
References 341
12 Environmental Health Risk Assessment 343
12.1 Introduction 343
12.2 Emergence of the Risk Era 344
12.3 Risk Assessment and Management 344
12.3.1 Hazard Identification 345
12.3.2 Dose–Response Assessment 346
12.3.3 Exposure Assessment 347
12.3.4 Risk Characterization 349
12.4 Ecological Risk Assessment 350
12.5 Summary 352
12.6 Questions 352
12.7 Problems 353
References 354
13 Emerging Sustainability and Resiliency Assessment Tools 355
13.1 Introduction 355
13.2 Environmental Assessment Tools/Indicators 355
13.3 Economic Assessment Tools 358
13.3.1 Life-Cycle Costing 358
13.3.2 Cost–Benefit Analysis 359
13.4 Ecosystem Services Valuation Tools 360
13.5 Environmental Justice Tools 361
13.6 Integrated Sustainability Assessment Tools 362
13.7 Integrated Sustainability and Resilience Assessment Tools 364
13.8 Summary 367
13.9 Questions 367
13.10 Problems 368
References 370
Section III Sustainable and Resilient Engineering Practices 373
14 Emerging Technologies for Sustainable and Resilient Engineering 375
14.1 Introduction 375
14.2 Emerging Smart Technologies 376
14.2.1 Big Data and Artificial Intelligence 376
14.2.2 Sensors and Remote-Sensing Technologies (Satellites, UAVs, GIS) 378
14.2.3 3D Printing and Robotics 380
14.2.4 Digital Twinning 380
14.2.5 Internet of Things 382
14.3 Engineered Materials for Circular Economy 383
14.3.1 Recycled Waste Materials 383
14.3.2 Nanomaterials 383
14.4 Resource Conservation in Energy Sector 384
14.4.1 Alternative Energy Sources 384
14.4.2 Innovative Energy Storage Technologies 386
14.5 Nature-Based Solutions 387
14.5.1 Bio-Based Materials 387
14.5.2 Biomimicry 388
14.5.3 Green Infrastructure 389
14.5.4 Synthetic Biology 389
14.6 Summary 389
14.7 Questions 390
14.8 Problems 391
References 391
15 Sustainable and Resilient Energy Engineering 395
15.1 Introduction 395
15.2 Environmental Impacts of Energy Generation 396
15.2.1 Air Emissions 397
15.2.2 Solid Waste Generation 400
15.2.3 Water Resource Use 401
15.2.4 Land Resource Use 401
15.3 Nuclear Energy 401
15.4 Strategies for Clean Energy 403
15.5 Renewable Energy 405
15.5.1 Solar Energy 405
15.5.2 Wind Energy 406
15.5.3 Water Energy 409
15.5.4 Geothermal Energy 410
15.5.5 Biomass Energy 413
15.6 Economic Considerations 416
15.7 Sustainability and Resiliency Considerations 418
15.8 Summary 418
15.9 Questions 420
15.10 Problems 420
References 422
16 Sustainable and Resilient Materials, Waste Management, and Circular Economy 425
16.1 Introduction 425
16.2 Sustainable Materials 426
16.2.1 Eco-design and Green Materials 426
16.2.2 Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) 427
16.2.3 Extended Producer Responsibility 427
16.3 Waste Generation and Problems 428
16.3.1 Types of Waste 429
16.3.2 Nonhazardous Waste 429
16.3.3 Hazardous Waste 429
16.3.4 Effects and Impacts of Waste 430
16.4 Waste Management 430
16.4.1 Pollution Prevention 431
16.4.2 Green Chemistry 432
16.4.3 Waste Minimization 433
16.4.4 Reuse/Recycling 434
16.4.5 Energy Recovery 435
16.4.6 Landfilling 437
16.5 Integrated Waste Management 437
16.6 Sustainable Waste Management 440
16.7 Circular Economy 442
16.8 Resiliency Considerations 443
16.8.1 Resilient Materials 443
16.8.2 Resilient Waste Management 443
16.8.3 Resilient Circular Economy 444
16.9 Summary 444
16.10 Questions 445
16.11 Problems 446
References 447
17 Sustainable and Resilient Buildings 451
17.1 Introduction 451
17.2 Green Building History 452
17.3 Why Build Green? 453
17.4 Green Building Concepts 454
17.4.1 Embodied Carbon and Carbon Neutral Approaches 454
17.5 Components of Green Building 455
17.6 Green Building Rating – LEED 457
17.6.1 LEED Case Study: HBS Tata Hall Executive Education Center 463
17.7 Sustainable Buildings 466
17.8 Resiliency Considerations 466
17.9 Summary 468
17.10 Questions 468
17.11 Problems 469
References 470
18 Sustainable and Resilient Civil Infrastructure 473
18.1 Introduction 473
18.2 Principles of Sustainable Infrastructure 474
18.3 Civil Infrastructure 475
18.4 Envision™: Sustainability Rating of Civil Infrastructure 476
18.4.1 Envision™ Case Study: Berryessa Transit Center 477
18.5 Sustainable Infrastructure Practices 481
18.6 Built-Infrastructure Projects: Examples 484
18.6.1 Transportation Infrastructure Projects 484
18.6.1.1 Sustainable Airports 484
18.6.2 Water and Wastewater Treatment Projects 485
18.6.2.1 Sustainable Water Treatment 485
18.6.2.2 Reuse of Treated Wastewater 486
18.6.3 Stormwater Treatment/Green Infrastructure Projects 486
18.6.3.1 Green Roofs 487
18.6.3.2 Permeable Pavements 487
18.6.3.3 Rainwater Harvesting 488
18.6.3.4 Rain Gardens and Planter Boxes 491
18.6.3.5 Bioswales 491
18.6.3.6 Constructed Wetlands and Tree Canopies 491
18.7 Resiliency Considerations 494
18.8 Summary 494
18.9 Questions 495
18.10 Problems 495
References 496
19 Sustainable and Resilient Land Management 499
19.1 Introduction 499
19.2 Land Management Problems 501
19.3 Contaminated Land Remediation Approach 503
19.4 Green and Sustainable Remediation Technologies 504
19.5 Sustainable Remediation Framework 509
19.6 Sustainable Remediation Indicators, Metrics, and Tools 512
19.7 Case Studies 513
19.8 Land Remediation Challenges and Opportunities 514
19.9 Resiliency Considerations 516
19.10 Summary 516
19.11 Questions 517
19.12 Problems 518
References 519
20 Climate Geoengineering 521
20.1 Introduction 521
20.2 Climate Geoengineering 526
20.3 Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) Methods 527
20.3.1 Subsurface Sequestration 527
20.3.2 Surface Sequestration 528
20.3.3 Marine Organism Sequestration 529
20.3.4 Direct Engineered Capture 530
20.4 Solar Radiation Management (SRM) Methods 531
20.4.1 Sulfur Injection 532
20.4.2 Reflectors and Mirrors 534
20.5 Applicability of CDR and SRM 535
20.6 Climate Geoengineering – A Theoretical Framework 536
20.7 Risks and Challenges 536
20.8 Summary 538
20.9 Questions 539
20.10 Problems 539
References 540
Section IV Sustainable and Resilient Engineering Applications 543
21 Sustainable and Resiliency Assessment in Engineering Projects 545
21.1 Introduction 545
21.2 Integrated Sustainability and Resiliency Assessment Framework 546
21.2.1 Resiliency Assessment 546
21.2.2 Sustainability Assessment 549
21.2.2.1 Environmental Sustainability 550
21.2.2.2 Social Sustainability 550
21.2.2.3 Economic Sustainability 551
21.2.3 Integrated Resiliency and Sustainability Assessment 551
21.3 Resiliency and Sustainability Assessment of Water Disinfection Technologies at Stickney Water Reclamation Plant 553
21.3.1 Problem Statement 553
21.3.2 Project Background 554
21.3.2.1 Technical Design of Alternatives 555
21.3.3 Integrated Resiliency and Sustainability Assessment 558
21.3.3.1 Resiliency Assessment 558
21.3.3.2 Sustainability Assessment 567
21.3.3.3 Integrated Resilient Sustainability Index 574
21.3.4 Conclusions and Recommendations 574
21.4 Resiliency and Sustainability Assessment to Design and Remediate a Contaminated Site 576
21.4.1 Problem Statement 576
21.4.2 Project Background 577
21.4.2.1 Technical Design of Alternatives 577
21.4.3 Integrated Resiliency and Sustainability Assessment 581
21.4.3.1 Resiliency Assessment 581
21.4.3.2 Sustainability Assessment 583
21.4.3.3 Integrated Resilient Sustainability Index 591
21.4.4 Lessons Learned 594
21.4.5 Conclusions 594
21.5 Resiliency and Sustainability Assessment of Different Alternatives for Typical Highway Pavement 594
21.5.1 Problem Statement 594
21.5.2 Project Background 595
21.5.2.1 Technical Design of Alternatives 595
21.5.3 Integrated Resiliency and Sustainability Assessment 597
21.5.3.1 Resiliency Assessment 597
21.5.3.2 Sustainability Assessment 598
21.5.3.3 Integrated Resilient Sustainability Index 603
21.5.4 Conclusions 604
21.6 Resiliency and Sustainability Assessment of Community Gardens Versus Hydroponics: Chicago’s Sustainable Food Systems 605
21.6.1 Problem Statement 605
21.6.2 Project Background 605
21.6.2.1 Technical Design of Alternatives 605
21.6.3 Integrated Resiliency and Sustainability Assessment 606
21.6.3.1 Resiliency Assessment 606
21.6.3.2 Sustainability Assessment 607
21.6.3.3 Integrated Resilient Sustainability Index 615
21.6.4 Lessons Learned 615
21.6.5 Conclusions 616
21.7 Resiliency and Sustainability Evaluation of Green Infrastructure in a Chicago Neighborhood 616
21.7.1 Problem Statement 616
21.7.2 Project Background 617
21.7.2.1 Technical Design 618
21.7.3 Integrated Resiliency and Sustainability Assessment 620
21.7.3.1 Resiliency Assessment 620
21.7.3.2 Sustainability Assessment 621
21.7.3.3 Integrated Resilient Sustainability Index 626
21.7.4 Lessons Learned 626
21.7.5 Conclusions 627
References 628
Index 631
Definitions, methodologies, and current applications of the principles of sustainability and resiliency in all engineering disciplines
Sustainable and Resilient Engineering provides a comprehensive exploration of the scientific basis, methodologies, and practical applications of sustainability and resiliency in engineering. With an emphasis on the tri-sectoral dimensions of the economy, environment, and society, as well as an increased emphasis on resilience across these dimensions, this textbook equips readers with the knowledge and expertise to evaluate, design, and enhance engineering solutions across a wide range of fields spanning from civil infrastructure and energy engineering to waste management and land use planning.
The text also presents a set of case studies across different engineering disciplines such as bio/chemical, environmental, materials, construction, and infrastructure engineering that demonstrate the practical applicability of sustainability and resiliency assessments for a diverse range of projects.
The new edition features updated content on sustainability assessment tools and expands on the critical role of resiliency, emphasizing the interplay between sustainability and resiliency, in engineered systems. The new edition of Sustainable and Resilient Engineering also provides updates on topics including:
- Climate-resilient engineering basics and assessment methodologies
- Role of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, remote sensing, robotics, digital twins, and the Internet of Things in achieving sustainability and resiliency
- Sustainable engineered materials, nature-based solutions, and resource recovery
- Wastewater treatment as another source for non-potable water use applications
- Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) concepts and environmental justice
Updated pedagogical features include spreadsheet tools, lecture slides, goals/objectives sections, end-of-chapter problem sets, new exercises and examples, and a solutions manual.
Sustainable and Resilient Engineering is an excellent up-to-date textbook for introductory and advanced university courses on sustainability and resiliency. It is also valuable as an advanced manual/reference for practitioners and professionals in their design, review, implementation, advisory, or oversight activities.
Produktdetaljer
Biografisk notat
Krishna R. Reddy, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE, ENV SP is a University Scholar, Distinguished Researcher, Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and the Director of both the Sustainable Engineering Research Laboratory and the Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Laboratory in the Department of Civil, Materials and Environmental Engineering at the University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Claudio Cameselle, Ph.D. is a Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Vigo, Spain.
Jeffrey A. Adams, Ph.D., P.E., ENV SP is a Principal Consultant of ENGEO Incorporated in San Ramon, California, USA.