The studies in this volume add to prior work in many important ways. First, the studies provide new insights with data across a wide range of cultural groups on how second language children in multilingual settings establish peer relations, friendship, and fit into subculture groups in establishing peer cultures where they are learning and using the dominant or official language along with their own mother tongues. Secondly, they address the complexities and intricacies of friendship processes in multilingual settings the researchers rely on with a wide range of traditional and innovative methods (often involving mixed methods). Third, all of the studies provide important applied educational implications for second language learners in a wide variety of culturally diverse pedagogical philosophies, circumstances, and settings. Finally, the recognition and demonstration of the potential of bilingualism in a global world and economy is in some of the studies linked to the children’s active participation (through language practices, routines, and narratives) in their families and communities.
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