Utopias A Brief History from Ancient Writings to Virtual Communities
Produktdetaljer
Biografisk notat
Howard P. Segal is Bird Professor of History at the University of Maine, where he has taught since 1986. He received his M.A. and Ph.D. from Princeton University. His previous books include Technological Utopianism in American Culture (1985), Future Imperfect: The Mixed Blessings of Technology in America (1994), Technology in America: A Brief History (1989, 1999, with Alan Marcus), and Recasting the Machine Age: Henry Ford's Village Industries (2005). He also reviews for, among other publications, Nature and the Times Higher Education.Utopias A Brief History from Ancient Writings to Virtual Communities
<p>"Segal does not shy away from bold definitions and delineations to separate utopias from millenarianism and science fiction, from abstract utopias and daydreams. ...<i>Utopias</i> is an accessible and thought-provoking introduction to utopias and utopianism and will appeal to scholars, students, and the general reader alike." (<i>Utopian Studies</i>, 1 October 2015)</p> <p>"In the capable hands of Howard P. Segal, professor of history at the University of Maine, technology rightfully has an important role in the imagination of alternative societies. His concise, well-written book covers utopias ancient and modern, Western and non-Western, and it is not limited to fiction conventionally labeled utopian but includes world’s fairs, social science, digital media, prophecies, millennial movements, and science fiction." (<i>Technology and Culture</i>, 1 October 2015)</p> <p>“To conclude: Segal’s book on utopias is a well-made treatise on an important aspect of European and American history. He convincingly shows that utopias had a political, as well as an economic, relevance. The view on the interaction between different cultural systems, such as art, politics, religion, technology, and economics, is a great strength of the book. It shows how complex processes around utopian visions have been, and how relevant they are for the implementation and change of different cultural spheres.” (<i>Religion</i>, 30 May 2015)</p> <p>“This text provides a unique approach for teaching history and the history of science. Highly recommended. General readers; lower-division undergraduates and above. (<i>Choice</i>, 1 February 2013)</p> <p>“Segal brings considerable scholarship and experience to bear, particularly on the historical intersections between technology and utopia ... [He] covers several continents and many centuries, addressing key texts and thinkers ... [and] supplies impressive coverage and thoughtful interpretations.” (<i>Times Higher Education</i>, 12 July 2012)</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
- Explores the purpose of utopias, what they reveal about the societies who conceive them, and how utopias have changed over the centuries
- Unique in including both non-Western and Western visions of utopia
- Explores the many forms utopias have taken – prophecies and oratory, writings, political movements, world's fairs, physical communities – and also discusses high-tech and cyberspace visions for the first time
- The first book to analyze the implicitly utopian dimensions of reform crusades like Technocracy of the 1930s and Modernization Theory of the 1950s, and the laptop classroom initiatives of recent years
Introduction 1
1 The Nature of Utopias 5
Utopias Defined 5
Utopias Differ from both Millenarian Movements and Science Fiction 8
Utopias' Spiritual Qualities are Akin to those of Formal Religions 9
Utopias'Real Goal: Not Prediction of the Future but Improvement of the Present 12
How and When Utopias are Expected to be Established 13
2 The Variety of Utopias 16
The Global Nature of Utopias: Utopias are Predominantly but not Exclusively Western 16
The Several Genres of Utopianism: Prophecies and Oratory, Political Movements, Communities, Writings, World's Fairs, Cyberspace 24
3 The European Utopias and Utopians and Their Critics 47
The Pioneering European Visionaries and Their Basic Beliefs: Plato's Republic and More's Utopia 47
Forging the Connections Between Science, Technology, and Utopia 50
The Pansophists 53
The Prophets of Progress: Condorcet, Saint-Simon, and Comte 55
Dissenters from the Ideology of Unadulterated Scientific and Technological Progress: Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, and William Morris 58
The Expansive Visions of Robert Owen and Charles Fourier 60
The "Scientific"Socialism of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels 66
4 The American Utopias and Utopians and Their Critics 74
America as Utopia: Potential and Fulfillment 74
The Pioneering American Visionaries and their Basic Beliefs in America as Land of Opportunity: John Adolphus Etzler, Thomas Ewbank, and Mary Griffith 78
America as "Second Creation": Enthusiasm and Disillusionment 81
5 Growing Expectations of Realizing Utopia in the United States and Europe 89
Later American Technological Utopians: John Macnie Through Harold Loeb 89
Utopia Within Sight: The American Technocracy Crusade 96
Utopia Within Reach: "The Best and the Brightest"—Post-World War II Science and Technology Policy in the United States and Western Europe and the Triumph of the Social Sciences 99
On Misreading Frankenstein: How Scientific and Technological Advances have Changed Traditional Criticisms of Utopianism in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries 123
6 Utopia Reconsidered 139
The Growing Retreat from Space Exploration and Other Megaprojects 139
Nuclear Power: Its Rise, Fall, and Possible Revival—Maine Yankee as a Case Study 142
The Declining Belief in Inventors, Engineers, and Scientists as Heroes; in Experts as Unbiased; and in Science and Technology as Social Panaceas 157
Contemporary Prophets for Profit: The Rise and Partial Fall of Professional Forecasters 160
Post-colonial Critiques of Western Science and Technology as Measures of "Progress"169
7 The Resurgence of Utopianism 186
The Major Contemporary Utopians and Their Basic Beliefs 186
Social Media: Utopia at One's Fingertips 193
Recent and Contemporary Utopian Communities 194
The Star Trek Empire: Science Fiction Becomes Less Escapist 199
Edutopia: George Lucas and Others 203
The Fate of Books and Newspapers: Utopian and Dystopian Aspirations 217
8 The Future of Utopias and Utopianism 234
The "Scientific and Technological Plateau"and the Redefinition of Progress 234
Conclusion: Why Utopia Still Matters Today and Tomorrow 241
Further Reading 261
Index 269
Segal connects past to present utopianism, from the first utopias in ancient Greece through their flourishing in the Renaissance to the famous "dystopias" of Orwell, Huxley, and Zamyatin in the twentieth century and right up to present-day high tech and virtual utopias.
The book explores the many genres in which utopianism has expressed itself---prophecies and oratory, writings, political movements, world's fairs, physical communities, and cyberspace communities. The book shows that, far from an exclusively Western enterprise, utopias have been worldwide, appearing in regions such as Latin America and Asia. With the current strong interest in utopias, now conceived as cyberspace paradises or as the result of high-tech advances, this book offers a timely appraisal of the joys and pitfalls of utopian thought.
—James Rodger Fleming, Colby College
"An expansive, entertaining and provocative introduction to utopianism and its practitioners ... Utopias captures both the whimsical extravagance as well as the earnestness of attempts (western as well as non-western) to imagine better futures and then actually create better societies across the ages ... [It] is bound to stimulate thought on the subject, and will appeal to a wide readership."
—Greg Claeys, University of London
"Segal offers a focus on 'western' expressions of utopianism while devoting substantial space to diversity. Hence we find the expected discussions of literature from More to Bellamy and Wells and beyond ... but there are also interesting examinations of utopias from China, Japan, India, and Latin America; and subsections on World's Fairs, professional forecasters, cyberspace, Megaprojects, social media, E-books, and George Lucas's Edutopia."
—Kenneth M. Roemer, University of Texas at Arlington
"The potential for good of science and technology, and their manifest dangers and pitfalls, are vividly evoked by Segal in his accessible account of utopias past and present. This is a work of insight and reflection."
—Barbara Goodwin, University of East Anglia
<p>"Segal does not shy away from bold definitions and delineations to separate utopias from millenarianism and science fiction, from abstract utopias and daydreams. ...<i>Utopias</i> is an accessible and thought-provoking introduction to utopias and utopianism and will appeal to scholars, students, and the general reader alike." (<i>Utopian Studies</i>, 1 October 2015)</p> <p>"In the capable hands of Howard P. Segal, professor of history at the University of Maine, technology rightfully has an important role in the imagination of alternative societies. His concise, well-written book covers utopias ancient and modern, Western and non-Western, and it is not limited to fiction conventionally labeled utopian but includes world’s fairs, social science, digital media, prophecies, millennial movements, and science fiction." (<i>Technology and Culture</i>, 1 October 2015)</p> <p>“To conclude: Segal’s book on utopias is a well-made treatise on an important aspect of European and American history. He convincingly shows that utopias had a political, as well as an economic, relevance. The view on the interaction between different cultural systems, such as art, politics, religion, technology, and economics, is a great strength of the book. It shows how complex processes around utopian visions have been, and how relevant they are for the implementation and change of different cultural spheres.” (<i>Religion</i>, 30 May 2015)</p> <p>“This text provides a unique approach for teaching history and the history of science. Highly recommended. General readers; lower-division undergraduates and above. (<i>Choice</i>, 1 February 2013)</p> <p>“Segal brings considerable scholarship and experience to bear, particularly on the historical intersections between technology and utopia ... [He] covers several continents and many centuries, addressing key texts and thinkers ... [and] supplies impressive coverage and thoughtful interpretations.” (<i>Times Higher Education</i>, 12 July 2012)</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
- Explores the purpose of utopias, what they reveal about the societies who conceive them, and how utopias have changed over the centuries
- Unique in including both non-Western and Western visions of utopia
- Explores the many forms utopias have taken – prophecies and oratory, writings, political movements, world's fairs, physical communities – and also discusses high-tech and cyberspace visions for the first time
- The first book to analyze the implicitly utopian dimensions of reform crusades like Technocracy of the 1930s and Modernization Theory of the 1950s, and the laptop classroom initiatives of recent years
Introduction 1
1 The Nature of Utopias 5
Utopias Defined 5
Utopias Differ from both Millenarian Movements and Science Fiction 8
Utopias' Spiritual Qualities are Akin to those of Formal Religions 9
Utopias'Real Goal: Not Prediction of the Future but Improvement of the Present 12
How and When Utopias are Expected to be Established 13
2 The Variety of Utopias 16
The Global Nature of Utopias: Utopias are Predominantly but not Exclusively Western 16
The Several Genres of Utopianism: Prophecies and Oratory, Political Movements, Communities, Writings, World's Fairs, Cyberspace 24
3 The European Utopias and Utopians and Their Critics 47
The Pioneering European Visionaries and Their Basic Beliefs: Plato's Republic and More's Utopia 47
Forging the Connections Between Science, Technology, and Utopia 50
The Pansophists 53
The Prophets of Progress: Condorcet, Saint-Simon, and Comte 55
Dissenters from the Ideology of Unadulterated Scientific and Technological Progress: Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, and William Morris 58
The Expansive Visions of Robert Owen and Charles Fourier 60
The "Scientific"Socialism of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels 66
4 The American Utopias and Utopians and Their Critics 74
America as Utopia: Potential and Fulfillment 74
The Pioneering American Visionaries and their Basic Beliefs in America as Land of Opportunity: John Adolphus Etzler, Thomas Ewbank, and Mary Griffith 78
America as "Second Creation": Enthusiasm and Disillusionment 81
5 Growing Expectations of Realizing Utopia in the United States and Europe 89
Later American Technological Utopians: John Macnie Through Harold Loeb 89
Utopia Within Sight: The American Technocracy Crusade 96
Utopia Within Reach: "The Best and the Brightest"—Post-World War II Science and Technology Policy in the United States and Western Europe and the Triumph of the Social Sciences 99
On Misreading Frankenstein: How Scientific and Technological Advances have Changed Traditional Criticisms of Utopianism in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries 123
6 Utopia Reconsidered 139
The Growing Retreat from Space Exploration and Other Megaprojects 139
Nuclear Power: Its Rise, Fall, and Possible Revival—Maine Yankee as a Case Study 142
The Declining Belief in Inventors, Engineers, and Scientists as Heroes; in Experts as Unbiased; and in Science and Technology as Social Panaceas 157
Contemporary Prophets for Profit: The Rise and Partial Fall of Professional Forecasters 160
Post-colonial Critiques of Western Science and Technology as Measures of "Progress"169
7 The Resurgence of Utopianism 186
The Major Contemporary Utopians and Their Basic Beliefs 186
Social Media: Utopia at One's Fingertips 193
Recent and Contemporary Utopian Communities 194
The Star Trek Empire: Science Fiction Becomes Less Escapist 199
Edutopia: George Lucas and Others 203
The Fate of Books and Newspapers: Utopian and Dystopian Aspirations 217
8 The Future of Utopias and Utopianism 234
The "Scientific and Technological Plateau"and the Redefinition of Progress 234
Conclusion: Why Utopia Still Matters Today and Tomorrow 241
Further Reading 261
Index 269
Segal connects past to present utopianism, from the first utopias in ancient Greece through their flourishing in the Renaissance to the famous "dystopias" of Orwell, Huxley, and Zamyatin in the twentieth century and right up to present-day high tech and virtual utopias.
The book explores the many genres in which utopianism has expressed itself---prophecies and oratory, writings, political movements, world's fairs, physical communities, and cyberspace communities. The book shows that, far from an exclusively Western enterprise, utopias have been worldwide, appearing in regions such as Latin America and Asia. With the current strong interest in utopias, now conceived as cyberspace paradises or as the result of high-tech advances, this book offers a timely appraisal of the joys and pitfalls of utopian thought.
—James Rodger Fleming, Colby College
"An expansive, entertaining and provocative introduction to utopianism and its practitioners ... Utopias captures both the whimsical extravagance as well as the earnestness of attempts (western as well as non-western) to imagine better futures and then actually create better societies across the ages ... [It] is bound to stimulate thought on the subject, and will appeal to a wide readership."
—Greg Claeys, University of London
"Segal offers a focus on 'western' expressions of utopianism while devoting substantial space to diversity. Hence we find the expected discussions of literature from More to Bellamy and Wells and beyond ... but there are also interesting examinations of utopias from China, Japan, India, and Latin America; and subsections on World's Fairs, professional forecasters, cyberspace, Megaprojects, social media, E-books, and George Lucas's Edutopia."
—Kenneth M. Roemer, University of Texas at Arlington
"The potential for good of science and technology, and their manifest dangers and pitfalls, are vividly evoked by Segal in his accessible account of utopias past and present. This is a work of insight and reflection."
—Barbara Goodwin, University of East Anglia