'Most scholars of the welfare state give short shrift to the notion that ideas matter for the evolution of welfare states, let alone religious ideas. Hien changes that with his definitive account of how religious ideas and electoral competition interact to create distinct pathways of welfare state evolution. A major piece of scholarship. If you asked most welfare state scholars why Germany was able to reform its male breadwinner model of welfare provision in the early 2000s while Italy was not, they would likely reach for employer preferences, demographic changes, and skill formation needs. Hien, in contrast, shows us that with reunification, the long exiled East German Protestants re-entered the electoral fray, transforming the German welfare state, and economy, in the process. A critical intervention and reinvigoration of the debate.' Mark Blyth, The William R. Rhodes '57 Professor of International Economics, Brown University