1. Role of sex and gender in aging and longevity: An introduction 2. Sex and longevity: A demographic perspective 3. Exposome, aging, and longevity: The role of sex and gender differences in health and mortality 4. The health-survival paradox: Women live longer but are frailer 5. Lifestyle and successful aging in men and women 6. Role of genetics and hormones in the differences in longevity between men and women 7. Sex, gender, and epigenetics of aging and longevity 8. Hormesis and sex factors in aging and central nervous system disorders 9. The role of sex and gender in the proinflammatory status in aging and longevity 10. Immune aging of men and women: Different susceptibility to infectious diseases and different response to vaccines 11. The role of sex and age in some pathobiological and pathophysiological processes 12. Sex and gender differences in pathophysiology, clinical aspects, and drug therapy. Focus on oncology 13. Sex and gender differences in cardiovascular diseases 14. Brain aging, neurodegenerative disorders, and sex differences 15. Endocrine disorders in male and female older people 16. Autoimmune diseases of older people are influenced by sex and gender 17. Allergic diseases: Differences related to sex and gender and age 18. Sex differences in biomarkers: Implications for age-related diseases 19. Laboratory parameters in male and female older people 20. Role of sex and gender in aging and longevity: State of the art and future perspectives

• Explores the distinct significance of sex and gender and their interrelation with aging and longevity • Offers an in-depth overview of the sex- and gender-specific biological and medical aspects of human aging and longevity • Provides the tools required to understand the challenges posed by aging and longevity in individuals and how to approach solving them