Examines how structural forms spontaneously arise from social relationships. Offering major insights into the building blocks of social life, this book identifies which locally emergent structures have the capacity to grow into larger ones.

Acknowledgments vii Preface: From Big Structures to Small ix Chapter 1: Introduction: Social Action and Structures 1 Chapter 2: From a Small Circle of Friends to a Long Line of Rivals 26 Chapter 3: The Preservation of Equality through Exchange Structures 72 Chapter 4: The Institutionalization of Inequality: Pecking Orders 104 Chapter 5: The Escape from Comparability and the Genesis of Influence Structures 151 Chapter 6: The Short Cut to Structure with Patronage Pyramids 189 Chapter 7: The Institution of Transitivity and the Production of Command Structures 232 Chapter 8: From Pyramid to Party 283 Chapter 9: From Structures to Institutions 321 References 343 Index 383

"John Levi Martin closely examines social structures from a stunning range of scopes and eras. The art and wonder of this amazing book is the verve and plausibility of his concatenation of themes, which, despite his disclaimers, do embrace large and complex structures: armies, patronage formations, and one-party states are where he digs deepest. Meanings, and so ambiguities, are central to his vision, which opens up the varied heuristics we use in navigating social life and especially social networks."—Harrison C. White, author of Identity and Control and Markets from Networks

"One of the most ambitious books I have read in years. Drawing on numerous examples across various domains and from around the world, it showcases the complex manner whereby the formal features of different kinds of relations generate different institutionalized types of social structures. A brilliant mind in action, John Levi Martin takes us one step closer to Simmel's vision of a 'social geometry.'"—Eviatar Zerubavel, Rutgers University, author of Social Mindscapes: An Invitation to Cognitive Sociology and Time Maps: Collective Memory and the Social Shape of the Past

"Social Structures does a superlative job at cutting a first path through jungle-like thickets of empirical detail—there is a phenomenal amount of labor represented here. The path thus cut opens possibilities for significant cross-fertilization across different strands of structural sociology, and valuably extends structural sociology to other major areas. The book makes important sociological contributions. It offers a magnificent foundation on which others may build."—Scott A. Boorman, Yale University

"This is a tremendously impressive and deeply intriguing book about localized network configurations, the rules they follow, and the way in which those configurations are caught up in processes of nation-building. The scholarship is expansive yet engagingly idiosyncratic. This is a much-needed book."—David Gibson, University of Pennsylvania

"This is an ambitious book that identifies the key structural building blocks of social life. Anyone seriously interested in how social relations structure individual behavior (and vice versa) must be familiar with the theoretical orientation of this book and the general substantive terrain it covers. This is a wonderful book to read, to learn from, and to teach with."—Katherine Stovel, University of Washington