America's debate over whether and how to invade Iraq clustered into civilian versus military camps. This book shows that this civilian-military argument - which has characterized earlier debates over Bosnia, Somalia, and Kosovo - is typical, not exceptional. It traces these themes through the first two years of the Iraq war.

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES vii PREFACE xi CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1 CHAPTER TWO The Civil-Military Opinion Gap over the Use of Force 21 CHAPTER THREE The Impact of Elite Veterans on American Decisions to Use Force 64 CHAPTER FOUR Casualty Sensitivity and Civil-Military Relations 95 CHAPTER FIVE Exploring the Determinants of Casualty Sensitivity 149 CHAPTER SIX Conclusion 184 REFERENCES 215 NAME INDEX 229 SUBJECT INDEX 233

"One of those rare works of political science that speaks directly and aptly to an issue of policy. Feaver and Gelpi show that the conventional wisdom about attitudes to military engagement and casualties is, and has been, wrong. More importantly, they explain why. One of the most important contributions to the literature on civil-military relations in years."—Eliot Cohen, author of Supreme Command: Soldiers, Statesmen, and Leadership in Wartime

"For half a century, demands of mobilization for World War and Cold War put large percentages of Americans through military service. The abrupt end of this pattern of shared experience makes the large difference in attitudes—with civilian elites favoring more intervention and military professionals more restraint—politically critical. Feaver and Gelpi examine the many crucial facets of contemporary civil-military relations with an unusually impressive combination of comprehensiveness, rigor, and clear argument. Their conclusions will alarm some and please others, but they are important for all to understand if national security policy is to be made wisely."—Richard K. Betts, Director, Columbia University Institute of War and Peace Studies

"This is an important work that deserves a wide audience. Peter Feaver and Christopher Gelpi have combined qualitative and quantitative analyses to produce a major piece of scholarship on a subject of great importance. It is difficult to combine rigorous statistical methods with clear prose, but the authors manage it. The writing is clear and the material is accessible to those not trained in statistics."—John Allen Williams, Loyola University Chicago, author of Soldiers, Society, and National Security

"This book demonstrates quite convincingly that the proportion of military veterans in leadership positions in the federal government has an important impact on the propensity of the United States to initiate militarized disputes."—James Lee Ray, Vanderbilt University, author of Democracy and International Conflict

One of those rare works of political science that speaks directly and aptly to an issue of policy. Feaver and Gelpi show that the conventional wisdom about attitudes to military engagement and casualties is, and has been, wrong. More importantly, they explain why. One of the most important contributions to the literature on civil-military relations in years. -- Eliot Cohen, author of "Supreme Command: Soldiers, Statesmen, and Leadership in Wartime" For half a century, demands of mobilization for World War and Cold War put large percentages of Americans through military service. The abrupt end of this pattern of shared experience makes the large difference in attitudes--with civilian elites favoring more intervention and military professionals more restraint--politically critical. Feaver and Gelpi examine the many crucial facets of contemporary civil-military relations with an unusually impressive combination of comprehensiveness, rigor, and clear argument. Their conclusions will alarm some and please others, but they are important for all to understand if national security policy is to be made wisely. -- Richard K. Betts, Director, Columbia University Institute of War and Peace Studies This is an important work that deserves a wide audience. Peter Feaver and Christopher Gelpi have combined qualitative and quantitative analyses to produce a major piece of scholarship on a subject of great importance. It is difficult to combine rigorous statistical methods with clear prose, but the authors manage it. The writing is clear and the material is accessible to those not trained in statistics. -- John Allen Williams, Loyola University Chicago, author of "Soldiers, Society, and National Security" This book demonstrates quite convincingly that the proportion of military veterans in leadership positions in the federal government has an important impact on the propensity of the United States to initiate militarized disputes. -- James Lee Ray, Vanderbilt University, author of "Democracy and International Conflict"