This volume can be recommended as an extensive course on p-adic mathematics, treating subjects such as a p-adic theory of probability and stochastic processes; spectral theory of operators in non-Archimedean Hilbert spaces; dynamic systems; p-adic fractal dimension, infinite-dimensional analysis and Feynman integration based on the Albeverio-Hoegh-Rohn approach; both linear and nonlinear differential and pseudo-differential equations; and complexity of random sequences and a p-adic description of chaos. The book also explores the concept of using fields of p-adic numbers and their corresponding non-Archimedean analysis, a p-adic solution of paradoxes in the foundations of quantum mechanics, and especially the famous Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox to create an epistemological framework for scientific use. This work should be of interest to postgraduate students and researchers with an interest in such diverse disciplines as mathematics, physics, biology and philosophy.