1. The Need for Water in Ancient Societies The Evidence: Aerial photograph of pre-Roman City in Italy Major ancient levees identifiable in LANDSAT imagery Early Egyptian King Cutting an Irrigation Ditch Water-lifting devices Sections from the Code of Hammurabi referring to irrigation Vetruvius on the Roman aqueduct system Suetonius's description of Emperor Claudius's water projects Frontinus on Rome's water system Proclamation of Emperor Theodosius, A.D. 438 2. Polytheism and Monotheism in the Fertile Crescent, ca. 3000-500 B.C. The Evidence: The Ziggurat of Ur-Nammu, King of Ur, ca. 2100 B.C The Ziggurat of Ur-Nammu, King of Ur, ca. 2100 B.C., as it looked after twentieth-century archeological excavation work Creation of Man by the Mother Goddess Prayer to the Moon God, Nannar or Sin The Epic of Gilgamesh The Code of Hammurabi The Creation from Genesis The Ten Commandments Selections from the Torah Selections from the Prophets The Book of Job 3. The Ideal and the Reality of Classical Athens The Evidence: Pericles' funeral speech The Melian debate Aristotle's The Politics An unknown author's view of Athenian democracy Xenophon's The Economist Plato's The Republic Floor plan of a house from Olynthus 4. The Achievements of Augustus The Evidence: Decree issued by Emperor Augustus Inscription from the city of Narbonne Horaces Odes Suetonius's Life of Augustus Roman History by Dio Cassius Tacitus's Annals Augustus's Res Gestae Divi Augusti Roman coins The arch of Augustus at Rimini Maps of Main Roman Roads 5. Invading Barbarians The Evidence: Germania by Tacitus Res Gestae by Ammianus Marcellinus The Histories by Agathias Manual of Strategy by Emperor Maurice Ibn Fadlan's account of his travels to the Kingdom of the Bulgars Ibrahim Ibn Jakub's description of Christian Spain and Poland Golden bottle from Nagyszentmiklos Lindisfarne gravestone A History of the Archbishops of Hamberg-Bremen by Adam of Bremen 6. The Development of the Medieval State The Evidence: Orderic Vitalis's The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy Photographs and a ground plan of medieval castles Map of locations of castles built during the reign of William the Conqueror The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Assize of Clarendon Constitutions of Clarendon Descriptions of the coronations of Frederick Barbarossa and Richard the Lionhearted Portrait of Emperor Otto III Bayeux tapestry showing Harold's coronation 7. Life at a Medieval University The Evidence: Royal privileges granted to the University of Paris by the king of France, 1200 Statutes for the University of Paris issued by Robert Couron in 1215 and by Pope Gregory XI in 1231 Robert de Sorbon's regulations for his college Introduction to Peter Abelard's Sic et Non St. Anselm's Monologium Odofredus's announcement of his law lectures at Bologna, ca 1255 Emperor Justinian's Digest Extracts from the letters of St. Bernard of Clairvaux Anonymous account of a student riot at Oxford in the 13th century Jacques de Vitry's description of student life at Paris ca 1225 An Oxford student's plea to his father for money and a father's letter to his son at Orleans Three anonymous student poems, 12th century 8. Infidels and Heretics: Crusades of the High Middle Ages The Evidence: Fulcher of Chartres, Chronicle of the First Crusade The Deeds of the Franks Letter from Stephen, Count of Blois and Chartres, to his wife Adele Letter to the Pope and bishops from the archbishop of Pisa, Godfrey of Bouillon and Raymond of St. Gilles Peter of Les Vaux-de-Cernay, The History of the Albigensian Crusade William of Tudela, The Song of the Cathar Wars Letter from Pope Innocent III to the legate Arnold Amalric (January 15, 1213) 9. Capitalism and Conflict in the Medieval Cloth Trade The Evidence: Laws regarding foreign merchants under King Edward the Confessor of England, after 1115 Regulations regarding cloth production workers issued by merchants' guilds and city councils Legal records of cases involving disputes in the cloth trade Apprenticeship and insurance contracts for the cloth trade Guild records of the amount of cloth produced in Florence and Ypres Customs records of the export of raw wool and wool cloth from England 10. Life in an English Village in the High Middle Ages The Evidence: Custumal of village of Bureton, ca. 1250 Extent of the village of Alwalton, 1279 Extent of the manor of Bernehorne, 1307 English village by-laws, 1286 Excerpts from Seneschaucie, 1270s Court roll on Nov. 17, 1288 for the village of Broughton Court roll on Feb. 2, 1314 for the village of Addington Coroners' inquests, 1266-1301 11. The Renaissance Man and Woman The Evidence: Albrecht Durer, Self-Portrait in a Fur Coat, 1500; Botticelli's Simonetta, ca. 1444-1510; Andrea del Verrocchio's sculpture of Gen. Bartolommeo Colleoni, ca. 1435-1488 Letters on the content of a liberal education from Peter Paul Vergerius and Leonardo Bruni Baldassare Castiglione's The Courtier Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince Leon Battista's Autobiography Description of Henry VII of England from Polydore Vergil's Anglia Historia 12. Pagans, Muslims, and Christians in the Mental World of Columbus The Evidence: Prologue to the Journal of Christopher Columbus Letter from Columbus to Ferdinand and Isabella From The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus by His Son Ferdinand Ptolemy's Geography Pliny's Natural History From Abu Abdallah Mohammed Idrisi, Geography From Ibn Fadl Allah al'Umari, Masalik al-Absar Letter of John of Monte Corvino Marco Polo's Travels The Travels of Sir John Mandeville Pierre d'Ailly's Imago Mundi Letter to Columbus from Paolo del Pozzo Toscanelli Map of the World Sailor's Chart of the Atlantic Islands Letter from Columbus 13. The Spread of the Reformation The Evidence: Martin Luther's sermon in Erfurt, Germany, 1521 Three 16th-century hymns Illustrations by Matthias Gerung, 1546 Woodcuts by Lucas Cranach and an unknown artist of religious pamphlets Anonymous German pamphlet, 1523 14. Staging Absolutism The Evidence: Jean Bodin, The Six Books of the Republic, 1576 Jacques Benigne Bossuet, Politics Drawn from the Very Words of the Holy Scriptures, 1678 The Duke of Saint-Simon on the Reign of Louis XIV Royal portraits The Mask of Apollo Engravings of Louis XIV as Roman Emperor in Carousel of 1662 Illustrations of Versailles and Marly