List of Figures List of Tables Notes on Contributors Acknowledgments 1. Introduction: Situating the Different Face, Patricia Skinner (Swansea University, UK) and Emily Cock (Swansea University, UK) PART 1: LANGUAGE 2. Dis/enabling Courtesy and Chivalry in the Middle English and Early Modern Gawain Romances and Ballads, Bonnie Millar (University of Nottingham, UK) 3. ‘A Great Blemish to her Beauty’: Female Facial Disfigurement in Early Modern England, Michelle Webb (University of Exeter, UK) 4. Does Talking about Disfigurement Risk Perpetuating Stigma? Jane Frances (Changing Faces, UK) PART 2: VISIBILITY 5. Hair Loss as Facial Disfigurement in Ancient Rome? Jane Draycott (University of Glasgow, UK) 6. Portrait? Likeness? Composite? Facial Difference in Forensic Art, Kathryn Smith (Liverpool John Moores University, UK) 7. From ‘Staring’ to ‘Not Caring’: Development of Psychological Growth and Wellbeing among Adults with Cleft Lip and Palate, Patricia Neville (University of Bristol, UK), Andrea Waylen (University of Bristol, UK), Sara Ryan (University of Oxford, UK) and Aidan Searle (University of Bristol, UK) 8. Making Up the Female Face: Pain and Imagination in the Music Videos of CocoRosie, Morna Laing (University of the Arts, London, UK) PART 3: MATERIALITY 9. Archaeological Facial Depiction for People from the Past with Facial Differences, Caroline Wilkinson (Liverpool John Moores University, UK) 10. “Trotule (Trotula) Puts Many Things on to Decorate and Embellish the Face but I Intend Solely to Remove Infection”: L’Abbe Poutrel and his Chirurgerie c.1300, Theresa Tyers (Swansea University, UK) 11. Disrupting Our Sense of the Past: Medical Photographs that Push Interpreters to the Limits of Historical Analysis, Jason Bate (University of Exeter, UK) Bibliography Index

This extraordinary collection of essays reveals the ways in which the intersections of gender, cultural notions of beauty and wholeness, and physical difference articulate how people in the West respond to human faces. By explicating the relationship between facial difference and notions of moral soundness, disease, and anxiety—and its apparent continuity throughout the whole of European history—the editors and contributors challenge readers and researchers to re-evaluate modern-day assumptions about beauty and difference based upon their presentation of the past.

In this series, historians of all periods, experts in visual culture and literary scholars explore the many ways in which faces have been represented in the past and present, and in particular the issue of facial difference, disfigurement, beauty and 'ugliness'. Faces are central to all human social interactions, yet have been neglected as a subject of study in themselves outside of the cognitive sciences and some work on aesthetics of the body. Titles in the series will range across themes such as approaching the difficult history of disfigurement, how facial difference and disability intersect, the changing norms of appearance relating to the face and other features such as the hair (facial and otherwise), violence targeted at the face, and the reception and representation of the face in art and literature.