“Jill Rosenthal’s detailed history of border making and border crossing reveals both the identification of people with place and its blurring by extensive movement across space. <i>From Migrants to Refugees </i>is a compelling and important contribution to our understanding not only of the cross-border consequences of the Rwandan quagmire but also of the relationship in an unequal world between international organizations, African people, and an African state.” - Frederick Cooper, author of (Africa since 1940: The Past of the Present) “In this conceptually adventurous, empirically rich, and engagingly written book, Jill Rosenthal brings a new perspective to histories of Tanzanian nationalism and to the comparative study of nationalism in postcolonial Africa. At the same time, she contributes to histories of decolonization, sovereignty, and state making by showing how these questions were worked through in a border region. <i>From Migrants to Refugees</i> moves the field in exciting and innovative ways.” - Emma Hunter, author of (Political Thought and the Public Sphere in Tanzania: Freedom, Democracy, and Citizenship in the Era of Decolonization) "<i>From Migrants to Refugees </i>is a very important introduction to research on refugees in Africa for several reasons. It is well organized and well written, able to be used in undergraduate as well as graduate courses on refugees in history. . . . [T]his study effectively captures the complexities of border communities that should serve to inspire research around the continent." - Jeremy Rich (African Studies Quarterly) "This book will appeal to scholars and policymakers working on (forced) migration, citizenship, transborder identities and humanitarian aid. Rosenthal's photo on its book cover captures its important aspects of borders and identity politics, making it interesting and deserving of considerable attention." - Deo Mwapinga (International Migration) "Rosenthal shows how national identities are made in distinction to others, as well as through competition over resources and comparisons about relative morality. It should come to be a key reference in the history of African refugees, as well as complement a vibrant literature on identity and citizenship in postcolonial Africa." - Kevin Donovan (Journal of African History)
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction 1
Part I: The Making of Migrants
1. Tracing a Boundary: Cultural Connections and Mandate Separation 23
2. Canalization and Control: Unbounded Migrants 43
3. Developmental Disappointment: Continuities in Late Colonial and Early Independence Ngara 57
Part II: The Making of Refugees
4. Developmental Refugees: The Politics of Rwandan Refugee Settlement in Ngara District, 1959–1969 77
5. Citizens and Refugees: The Politics of Refugee Aid 95
6. Conflicting Sovereignties: Competition at Mwesi Refugee Settlement, 1963–1970 113
Part III: The Making of Citizens
7. Of “Natural” Citizens and “Natural” Illegality: Ujamaa, Magendo, and Naturalization in Ngara District, 1970–1984 139
8. Competition and Backstabbing: The International Response to the Rwandan Refugee Crisis, 1994–1996 158
9. Of GÉnocidaires and Humanitarians: The Rwandan Refugee Emergency n Ngara District 176
Conclusion: The Business of Nationalism and Humanitarian Aid 193
Notes 205
Bibliography 285
Index 301