This open access book focuses on the potential for conflict between high and low culture during the transformations of the popular in the field of religion in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

1. Introduction.- Part I. Revival Groups in Conflicts.- 2. Moscow Martinists as the Providers of the Rosicrucian Enlightenment in Russia: Enquires into the Emergence of the Hermetic Library.- 3. Of Culture and (Indian) Nation: The Mukti Revival in Colonial Discourse.- 4. To Be or Not To Be an Entrepreneur: Disputes about the Relationship between Church and Business in the Moravian Church.- Part II. Agents of Revivalism: Opportunities and Limits of Self-Empowerment.- 5. Clairvoyance and Commotion. The Making of a Lay Prophetess in the Era of the German Revival Movement.- 6. Between the Elite and the Masses – or the Hardships of Being a Revivalist Colporteur in 19th Century Finland.- 7. “He Teaches Me so I Can Teach.”: Revivalism and Protestant Laywomen in 19th Century Italy.- 8. Conflict Area Evangelism. Controversies about Lay Preaching in the 19th Century from the Perspective of Male and Female Protagonists of the German Revival Movements.- Part III. Lay-Theology between High and Low Culture.- 9. Jung-Stilling’s Afterlife Visions in their Interconfessional and Intercultural Context.- 10. Theological Journals between Professionalisation and Cooperation: Navigating the High-low Distinction between Editorial Boards and Non-academic Contributors in Germany, 1828–1870.- 11. Revelation Remix: Using Rapture Novels by Evangelical Movements in England and America in the Early 20th Century.

‘This intriguing volume offers a significant contribution to the growing field of lived religion, i.e. religion from the perspective of laymen and women, who sought empowerment through their faith. The volume not only provides readers with much new knowledge about religious revival movements; the geographical breadth of the chapters offers new opportunities to explore the topic from a sociological and trans-denominational perspective. Anyone with an interest in global history, social history, and gender studies will have an interest in this work.’
- Juliane Engelhardt, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

‘This is a significant contribution to the historiography of revival movements in the long nineteenth century. Ranging from Russia and Finland to India and the US, the chapters highlight the international and cross-denominational dynamics of Protestant awakenings and how they intersected with diverse esoteric revivals. Especially rewarding is the focus on formations of popular religion between dissemination efforts by experts from above and the self-empowerment of lay people from below.’
- Jan Stievermann, Heidelberg University, Germany.

This open access book focuses on the potential for conflict between high and low culture during the transformations of the popular in the field of religion in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Specifically, the contributors to this edited collection consider the so-called 'Revival Movements' that came up as a symptom of differentiation and pluralisation of Protestantism in reaction to the Enlightenment, rationalism, and criticism of religion, and explore the attempts at theological self-empowerment of Christian laymen and laywomen.

Veronika Albrecht-Birkner is University Professor in Church and Theology History at the University of Siegen, Germany. 

Stefanie Siedek-Strunk is Research Assistant at the CRC 1472 ‘Transformations of the popular’ at the University of Siegen, Germany.

This book is open access, which means that you have free and unlimited access Focuses on the potential for conflict between high and low culture in the 'Revival Movements' of popular religion Shows that such movements are not only relevant to church history, but also to political, social and economic history Contributors offer new approaches to the topic that are both interdisciplinary and transnational

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