Intended for use in the first of a two course sequence in geotechnical engineering usually taught to third- and fourth-year undergraduate civil engineering students. An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering offers a descriptive, elementary introduction to geotechnical engineering with applications to civil engineering practice.

Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering 1.1 Geotechnical Engineering1.2 The Unique Nature of Soil and Rock Materials1.3 Scope of This Book1.4 Historical Development of Geotechnical Engineering1.5 Suggested Approach to the Study of Geotechnical Engineering1.6 Notes on Symbols and Units1.7 Some Comments on How to Study in GeneralProblemsChapter 2 Index and Classification Properties of Soils 2.1 Introduction2.2 Basic Definitions and Phase Relations for Soils2.3 Solution of Phase Problems 2.3.1 Submerged or Buoyant Density2.3.2 Unit Weight and Specific Gravity2.4 Soil Texture2.5 Grain Size and Grain Size Distribution2.6 Particle Shape2.7 Atterberg Limits 2.7.1 Cone Liquid Limit2.7.2 One Point Liquid Limit Test2.7.3 Additional Comments on the Atterberg Limits2.8 Introduction To Soil Classification2.9 Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) 2.9.1 Visual-Manual Classification of Soils2.9.2 What Else Can We Get From The LI-PI Chart?2.9.3 Limitations of the USCS2.10 AASHTO Soil Classification SystemProblemsChapter 3 Geology, Landforms, and the Origin of Geo-Materials 3.1 Importance of Geology to Geotechnical Engineering 3.1.1 Geology3.1.2 Geomorphology3.1.3 Engineering Geology3.2 The Earth, Minerals, Rocks, and Rock Structure 3.2.1 The Earth3.2.2 Minerals3.2.3. Rocks3.2.4. Rock Structure3.3 Geologic Processes and Landforms 3.3.1 Geologic Processes and the Origin of Earthen Materials3.3.2 Weathering3.3.3. Gravity Processes3.3.4. Surface Water Processes3.3.5 Ice Processes and Glaciation3.3.6 Wind Processes3.3.7 Volcanic Processes3.3.8 Groundwater Processes3.3.9 Tectonic Processes3.3.10 Plutonic Processes3.4 Sources of Geologic InformationProblemsChapter 4 Clay Minerals, Soil and Rock Structures, and Rock Classification 4.1 Introduction4.2 Products of Weathering4.3 Clay Minerals 4.3.1 The 1:1 Clay Minerals4.3.2 The 2:1 Clay Minerals4.3.3 Other Clay Minerals4.4 Identification of Clay Minerals And Activity4.5 Specific Surface4.6 Interaction between Water and Clay Minerals 4.6.1 Hydration of Clay Minerals and the Diffuse Double Layer4.6.2 Exchangeable Cations and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)4.7 Interaction of Clay Particles4.8 Soil Structure and Fabric of Fine Grained Soils 4.8.1 Fabrics of Fine Grained Soils4.8.2 Importance of Microfabric and Macrofabric; Description Criteria4.9 Granular Soil Fabrics4.10 Soil Profiles, Soil Horizons, and Soil Taxonomy4.11 Special Soil Deposits 4.11.1 Organic soils, peats, and muskeg4.11.2 Marine Soils4.11.3 Waste Materials and Contaminated Sites4.12 Transitional Materials: Hard Soils vs. Soft Rocks4.13 Properties, Macrostructure, and Classification of Rock Masses 4.13.1 Properties of Rock Masses4.13.2 Discontinuities in Rock4.13.3 Rock Mass Classification SystemsProblemsChapter 5 Compaction and Stabilization of Soils 5.1 Introduction5.2 Compaction and Densification5.3 Theory of Compaction for Fine-Grained Soils 5.3.1 Process of Compaction5.3.2 Typical Values; Degree of Saturation5.3.3 Effect of Soil Type and Method of Compaction5.4 Structure of Compacted Fine-Grained Soils5.5 Compaction of Granular Soils 5.5.1 Relative or Index Density5.5.2 Densification of Granular Deposits.5.5.3 Rock Fills5.6 Field Compaction Equipment and Procedures 5.6.1 Compaction of Fine-Grained Soils5.6.2 Compaction of Granular Materials5.6.3 Compaction Equipment Summary5.6.4 Compaction of Rockfill5.7 Specifications and Compaction Control 5.7.1 Specifications5.7.2 Compaction Control Tests5.7.3 Problems with Compaction Control Tests5.7.4 Most Efficient Compaction5.7.5Overcompaction5.7.6 Rockfill QA/QC5.7.7 Compaction in Trenches5.8 Estimating Performance of Compacted SoilsProblemsChapter 6 Hydrostatic Water in Soils and Rocks 6.1 Introduction6.2 Capillarity 6.2.1 Capillary Rise and Capillary Pressures in Soils6.2.2 Measurement of Capillarity; Soil-Water Characteristic Curve6.2.3 Other Capillary Phenomena6.3 Groundwater Table and the Vadose Zone 6.3.1 Definition6.3.2 Field Determination6.4 Shrinkage Phenomena in Soils 6.4.1 Capillary Tube Analogy6.4.2 Shrinkage Limit Test6.4.3 Shrinkage Properties of Compacted Clays6.5 Expansive Soils and Rocks 6.5.1 Physical-Chemical Aspects6.5.2 Identification and Prediction6.5.3 Expansive Properties of Compacted Clays6.5.4 Swelling Rocks6.6 Engineering Significance of Shrinkage and Swelling6.7 Collapsible Soils and Subsidence6.8 Frost Action 6.8.1 Terminology, Conditions, and Mechanisms of Frost Action6.8.2 Prediction and Identification of Frost Susceptible Soils6.8.3 Engineering Significance of Frozen Ground6.9 Intergranular or Effective Stress6.10 Vertical Stress Profiles6.11 Relationship between Horizontal and Vertical StressesProblemsChapter 7 Fluid Flow in Soils and Rock 7.1 Introduction7.2 Fundamentals of Fluid Flow7.3 Darcy's Law for Flow through Porous Media7.4 Measurement of Permeability or Hydraulic Conductivity 7.4.1 Laboratory and Field Hydraulic Conductivity Tests7.4.2 Factors Affecting Laboratory and Field Determination of K7.4.3 Empirical Relationships and Typical Values of K7.5 Heads and One-Dimensional Flow7.6 Seepage Forces, Quicksand, and Liquefaction 7.6.1 Seepage Forces, Critical Gradient, and Quicksand7.6.2 Quicksand Tank7.6.3 Liquefaction7.7 Seepage and Flow Nets: Two-Dimensional Flow 7.7.1 Flow Nets7.7.2 Quantity of Flow, Uplift Pressures, and Exit Gradients7.7.3 Other Solutions to Seepage Problems7.7.4 Anisotropic and Layered Flow7.8 Seepage towards Wells7.9 Seepage through Dams and Embankments7.10 Control of Seepage and Filters 7.10.1 Basic Filtration Principles7.10.2 Design of Graded Granular Filters7.10.3 Geotextile Filter Design Concepts7.10.4 FHWA Filter Design ProcedureProblemsChapter 8 Compressibility of Soil and Rock 8.1 Introduction8.2 Components of Settlement8.3 Compressibility of Soils8.4 One-Dimensional Consolidation Testing8.5 Preconsolidation Pressure and Stress History 8.5.1 Normal Consolidation, Overconsolidation, and Preconsolidation Pressure8.5.2 Determining the Preconsolidation Pressure8.5.3 Stress History and Preconsolidation Pressure8.6 Consolidation Behavior of Natural and Compacted Soils8.7 Settlement Calculations 8.7.1 Consolidation Settlement of Normally Consolidated Soils8.7.2 Consolidation Settlement of Overconsolidated Soils8.7.3 Determining Cr and Cre8.8 Tangent Modulus Method8.9 Factors Affecting the Determination of sȼP8.10 Prediction of Field Consolidation Curves8.11 Soil Profiles8.12 Approximate Methods and Typical Values of Compression Indices8.13 Compressibility of Rock and Transitional Materials8.14 In Situ Determination f CompressibilityProblemsChapter 9 Time Rate of Consolidation 9.1 Introduction9.2 The Consolidation Process9.3 Terzaghi's One-Dimensional Consolidation Theory 9.3.1 Classic Solution for the Terzaghi Consolidation Equation9.3.2 Finite Difference Solution for the Terzaghi Consolidation Equation9.4 Determination of the Coefficient of Consolidation Cv 9.4.1 Casagrande's Logarithm of Time Fitting Method9.4.2 Taylor's Square Root of Time Fitting Method9.5 Determination of the Coefficient Of Permeability9.6 Typical Values of the Coefficient Of Consolidation, Cv9.7 In Situ Determination of Consolidation Properties9.8 Evaluation of Secondary SettlementProblemsChapter 10 Stress Distribution and Settlement Analysis 10.1 Introduction10.2 Settlement Analysis of Shallow Foundations 10.2.1 Components of Settlement10.2.2 Steps in Settlement Analysis10.3 Stress Distribution10.4 Immediate Settlement10.5 Vertical Effective Overburden and Preconsolidation Stress Profiles10.6 Settlement Analysis ExamplesProblemsChapter 11 The Mohr Circle, Failure Theories, and Strength Testing of Soil And Rocks 11.1 Introduction11.2 Stress at a Point11.3 Stress-Strain Relationships and Failure Criteria11.4 The Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion 11.4.1 Mohr Failure Theory11.4.2 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion11.4.3 Obliquity Relations11.4.4 Failure Criteria for Rock11.5 Laboratory Tests for the Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks 11.5.1 Direct Shear Test11.5.2 Triaxial Test11.5.3 Special Laboratory Soils Tests11.5.4 Laboratory Tests for Rock Strength11.6 In Situ Tests for the Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks 11.6.1 Insitu Tests for Shear Strength of Soils11.6.2 Field Tests for Modulus and Strength of RocksProblemsChapter 12 An Introduction to Shear Strength of Soils and Rock 12.1 Introduction12.2 Angle of Repose of Sands12.3 Behavior of Saturated Sands during Drained Shear12.4 Effect of Void Ratio and Confining Pressure on Volume Change12.5 Factors that Affect the Shear Strength of Sands12.6 Shear Strength of Sands Using In Situ Tests 12.6.1 SPT12.6.2 CPT12.6.3 DMT12.7 The Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest for Sands12.8 Behavior of Saturated Cohesive Soils during Shear12.9 Consolidated-Drained Stress-Deformation and Strength Characteristics 12.9.1 Consolidated-Drained (CD) Test Behavior12.9.2 Typical Values of Drained Strength Parameters for Saturated12.9.3 Use of CD Strength in Engineering Practice12.10 Consolidated-Undrained Stress-Deformation and Strength Characteristics 12.10.1 Consolidated-Undrained (CU) Test Behavior12.10.2 Typical Value of the Undrained Strength Parameters12.10.3 Use of CU Strength In Engineering Practice12.11 Unconsolidated-Undrained Stress-Deformation and Strength Characteristics 12.11.1 Unconsolidated-Undrained (UU) Test Behavior12.11.2 Unconfined Compression Test12.11.3 Typical Values of UU and UCC Strengths12.11.4 Other Ways to Determine the Undrained Shear Strength12.11.5 Use of UU Strength in Engineering Practice12.12 Sensitivity12.13 The Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest for Clays12.14 Strength of Compacted Clays12.15 Strength of Rocks and Transitional Materials12.16 Multistage Testing12.17 Introduction to Pore Pressure ParametersProblemsChapter 13 Advanced Topics in Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks 13.1 Introduction13.2 Stress Paths13.3 Pore Pressure Parameters for Different Stress Paths13.4 Stress Paths during Undrained Loading - Normally and Lightly Overconsolidated Clays13.5 Stress Paths during Undrained Loading - Heavily Overconsolidated Clays13.6 Applications of Stress Paths to Engineering Practice13.7 Critical State Soil Mechanics13.8 Modulus and Constitutive Models for Soils 13.8.1 Modulus of Soils13.8.2 Constitutive Relations13.8.3 Soil Constitutive Modeling13.8.4 Failure Criteria for Soils13.8.5 Classes of Constitutive Models for Soils13.8.6 The Hyperbolic (Duncan-Chang) Model13.9 Fundamental Basis of the Drained Strength of Sands 13.9.1 Basics of Frictional Shear Strength13.9.2 Stress-Dilatancy and Energy Corrections13.9.3 Curvature of the Mohr Failure Envelope13.10 Behavior of Saturated Sands in Undrained Shear 13.10.1 Consolidated-Undrained Behavior13.10.2 Using CD Tests to Predict CU Results13.10.3 Unconsolidated-Undrained Behavior13.10.4 Strain Rate Effects in Sands13.11 Plane Strain Behavior of Sands13.12 Residual Strength of Soils 13.12.1 Drained Residual Shear Strength of Clays13.12.2 Residual Shear Strength of Sands13.13 Stress-Deformation and Shear Strength of Clays: Special Topics 13.13.1 Definition of Failure in CU Effective Stress Tests13.13.2 Hvorslev Strength Parameters13.13.3 The tF/sȼVo Ratio, Stress History, and Jürgenson-Rutledge Hypothesis13.13.4 Consolidation Methods to Overcome Sample Disturbance13.13.5 Anisotropy13.13.6 Plane Strain Strength of Clays13.13.7 Strain Rate Effects13.14 Strength of Unsaturated Soils 13.14.1 Matric Suction in Unsaturated Soils13.14.2 The Soil-Water Characteristic Curve13.14.3 The Mohr-Coulomb Failure Envelope for Unsaturated Soils13.14.4 Shear Strength Measurement in Unsaturated Soils13.15 Properties of Soils under Dynamic Loading 13.15.1 Stress-Strain Response of Cyclically Loaded Soils13.15.2 Measurement of Dynamic Soil Properties13.15.3 Empirical Estimates of Gmax, Modulus Reduction, and Damping13.15.4 Strength of Dynamically Loaded Soils13.16 Failure Theories for RockProblems

"The authors do a nice job in presenting significant discussion in theory and background information. I prefer this approach to the more mechanical cookbook approach in which equations and methods are emphasized over theory. If the students are committed and dedicated to reading the text, they will find a wealth of useful information that compliments classroom lectures, and homework problems." -Robert Mokwa, MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY "The text provides information that goes beyond a typical undergraduate soil mechanics course. In fact I tell my students that 'this is a text that you can retain for future use and reference, whether you choose to go to graduate school or engineering practice.' Plus, it's written with a good sense of humor." -Khaled Sobhan, FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY "Writing is excellent, engaging, and helpful. It anticipates well the questions forming in the average student's mind." -Trevor Smith, PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY

Focuses on the engineering classification, behavior, and properties of soils necessary for the design and construction of foundations and earth structures. Emphasis is placed on the practical, and admittedly empirical, knowledge of soil and rock behavior required by geotechnical engineers for the design and construction of foundations, embankments, and underground structures. To strengthen the connection between the fundamental and applied, the authors indicate wherever possible the engineering significance of the property being discussed, why the property is needed, how it is determined or measured, and, to some extent, how it is actually used in specific design applications. Simple geotechnical designs are illustrated, such as determining the flow, uplift pressures, and exit gradients in 2-D seepage problems, and estimating the settlement of shallow foundations on sands and saturated clays.

Chapter 3 on Geology, Landforms, and Origin of Geo-Materials is new to this edition because these topics are so critical to understanding the properties and subsequent behavior of geo-materials under various loading conditions. Stress distribution and settlement analyses, including immediate settlement, are in a new Chapter 10 to separate these practical procedures from the more basic time-rate and compressibility behavior of natural and compacted soils and rock masses described in Chapters 8 and 9. New material on Janbu’s Tangent Modulus Method, in situ determination of compressibility of soil and rock, Burland’s “intrinsic properties” of soils, and finite difference solution to the Terzaghi consolidation equation. Extension of the Schmertmann method for prediction of field compression curves to overconsolidated soils, along with updated coverage of Mesri’s work on secondary compression. Shear strength properties of soils and rocks are now discussed in three new chapters. Chapter 11 on the Mohr circle, failure theories, and strength testing of soil and rocks has new material on the obliquity relations and in situ tests for shear strength. Chapter 12 is an introduction to shear strength of soils and rock and is primarily suitable for undergraduate students. More advanced topics in shear strength of soils and rocks are discussed in Chapter 13, which graduate students and practicing geotechnical engineers should find useful. New material in Chapter 12 includes multi-stage testing, in situ tests for the shear strength of sands and the strength of compacted clays, rocks, and transitional materials. The stress path method is now in Chapter 13, which also includes sections on critical state soil mechanics and an introduction to constitutive models. Advanced topics are discussed on the shear strength of sands that start with the fundamental basis of their drained, undrained, and plane strain strengths. The residual shear strength of sands and clays provides a transition into the stress- deformation and shear strength of clays, where we discuss failure definitions, Hvorslev strength parameters, stress history, Jürgenson-Rutledge hypothesis, consolidation methods to overcome sample disturbance, anisotropy, plane strain strength, and strain rate effects. Chapter 13 ends with sections on the strength of unsaturated soils, properties of soils under dynamic loading, and failure theories for rock.