Co�n�t�e�n�t�s� � Introduction 1 1 Access to evidence in Germany, Austria and Switzerland 5 A�s�t�r�i�d� �S�t�a�d�l�e�r� � 2 Evidence-gathering in England and Wales 30 J�o�h�n� �S�o�r�a�b�j�i� � 3 Access to evidence in France 49 E�m�m�a�n�u�e�l� �J�e�u�l�a�n�d� � 4 Access to evidence in Italy 75 E�l�i�s�a�b�e�t�t�a� �S�i�l�v�e�s�t�r�i� � 5 Access to evidence in Spain 88 F�e�r�n�a�n�d�o� �G�a�s�c�ón� �I�n�c�h�a�u�s�t�i� � 6 Access to evidence in the Netherlands 117 B�a�r�t� �K�r�a�n�s� �a�n�d� �N�i�e�k� �Z�o�n�d�a�g� � 7 Access to evidence in Scandinavia 152 M�a�g�n�e� �S�t�r�a�n�d�b�e�r�g� � 8 The application of U.S. discovery for European disputes 181 N�i�c�o�l�ò �T�r�o�c�k�e�r� � 9 Taking of evidence by arbitral tribunals 224 M�i�c�h�a�e�l� �S�t�ür�n�e�r� �a�n�d� �J�o�h�a�n�n�e�s� �L�a�n�d�b�r�e�c�h�t� � 10 Comparative analysis and concluding remarks 251 F�e�r�n�a�n�d�o� �G�a�s�c�ón� �I�n�c�h�a�u�s�t�i�,� �A�s�t�r�i�d� �S�t�a�d�l�e�r� �a�n�d� �M�a�g�n�e� �S�t�r�a�n�d�b�e�r�g� �