Part I. Overview of Models of Cognitive Aging: 1. Introduction and overview; 2. Cognitive reserve; 3. How age-related changes in the brain affect cognition; 4. Neuroadaptive trajectories of healthy mindspan: from genes to neural networks; 5. Cognitive aging: role of neurotransmitter systems; 6. How arousal-related neurotransmitter systems compensate for age-related decline; Part I summary; Part II. Overview of Models of Cognitive Aging: 7. Aging effects on brain and cognition: what do we learn from a strategy perspective?; 8. Inhibitory theory: assumptions, findings, and relevance to interventions; 9. From perception to action: bottom-up and top-down influences on age differences in attention; 10. Age-related sensory deficits and their consequences; 11. Episodic memory decline in aging; 12. Age differences in decision making; 13. Emotion and memory; 14. Time perception from seconds to lifetimes: how perceived time affects adult development; Part II summary; Part III. Aging in a Social Context: 15. Memory and aging in social contexts; 16. Emotion regulation in adulthood and old age: a cognitive aging perspective on strategy use and effectiveness; 17. Changes in social and emotional well-being over the life span; 18. Aging and cognitive functioning: the impact of goals and motivation; 19. Social relationships and cognitive development in adulthood; 20. Emotion recognition and aging of the social brain; 21. Narrative and identity: the importance of our personal past in later life; 22. Stereotype threat and the cognitive performance of older adults; Part III summary; Part IV. Early Life and Biological Factors: 23. Prenatal influences on cognitive aging; 24. Associations between activity participation across the life course and cognitive aging; 25. Cognitive aging and culture: older brain predictions about different environments; 26. Current perspectives on aging and bilingualism across the life span; 27. Grit and successful aging; 28. Control and cognition: contextual and individual differences in cognitive aging; 29. Cognition and well-being across adulthood and old age; 30. The genetics of cognitive abilities; 31. Blood biomarkers of cognitive health and neurodegenerative disease; Part IV summary; Part V. Later Life and Interventions: 32. Cerebrovascular disease, aging, and depression: clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment; 33. The role of nutrition in cognitive decline; 34. Sleep's role in cognitive aging; 35. Examination of the relationship between accelerometer-derived metrics of physical activity and cognition among older adults; 36. Far transfer and cognitive training: examination of two hypotheses on mechanisms; 37. Maximizing the impact of cognitive engagement interventions for older adults; 38. Mobility and cognitive decline in older adults with cognitive impairment; 39. Current and emerging technologies for supporting successful aging; Part V summary.