Preface vii 1 Personality Theory: From Observation to Scientific Explanation 1 Defining Personality, 4 Three Goals for the Personality Theorist, 6 Answering Questions about Persons Scientifically: Understanding Structures, Processes, Development, and Therapeutic Change, 10 Important Issues in Personality Theory, 17 Evaluating Personality Theories, 23 The Personality Theories: An Introduction, 24 Major Concepts, 28 Review, 28 2 The Scientific Study of People 29 Personality Research: The Data, 31 Personality Research: Research Designs, 35 Contemporary Developments in Personality Research: Social Media and Language-Based Assessments, 45 Personality Assessment and the Case of Jim, 48 Vive la Différence: Conceptual Distinctions in Personality Research, 49 Major Concepts, 56 Review, 56 3 A Psychodynamic Theory: Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality 57 Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): A View of the Theorist, 58 Freud's View of the Person, 60 Freud's View of the Science of Personality, 63 Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality, 64 Major Concepts, 87 Review, 87 4 Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: Applications, Related Theoretical Conceptions, and Contemporary Research 89 Psychodynamic Personality Assessment: Projective Tests, 90 Psychopathology, 96 Psychological Change, 99 The Case of Jim, 104 Related Theoretical Conceptions, 107 Contemporary Developments in Personality Theory: Neuropsychoanalysis, 122 Critical Evaluation, 127 Major Concepts, 131 Review, 131 5 A Phenomenological Theory: The Personality Theory of Rogers 133 Carl R. Rogers (1902-1987): A View of the Theorist, 135 Rogers's View of the Person, 137 Rogers's View of the Science of Personality, 139 The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers, 140 Major Concepts, 153 Review, 153 6 Rogers's Phenomenological Theory: Applications, Related Theoretical Conceptions, and Contemporary Research 154 Clinical Applications, 155 The Case of Jim, 162 Related Conceptions: Human Potential, Positive Psychology, and Existentialism, 164 Developments in Research: The Self and Authenticity, 172 Contemporary Developments in Personality Theory: Personality Systems Interaction Theory and the Integrated Self, 179 Personality Systems Interaction Theory, 180 Illustrative Research, 183 Implications for Rogers's Self Theory of Personality, 183 Critical Evaluation, 184 Major Concepts, 188 Review, 188 7 Trait Theories of Personality: Allport, Eysenck, and Cattell 189 A View of the Trait Theorists, 190 Trait Theory's View of the Person, 191 Trait Theory's View of the Science of Personality, 192 Trait Theories of Personality: Basic Perspectives Shared by Trait Theorists, 194 The Trait Theory of Gordon W. Allport (1897-1967), 195 Identifying Primary Trait Dimensions: Factor Analysis, 198 The Factor-Analytic Trait Theory of Raymond B. Cattell (1905-1998), 200 The Three-Factor Theory of Hans J. Eysenck (1916-1997), 204 Major Concepts, 212 Review, 212 8 Trait Theory: The Five-Factor Model and Contemporary Developments 214 On Taxonomies of Personality, 215 The Five-Factor Model of Personality: Research Evidence, 216 Five-Factor Theory, 226 Maybe We Missed One? The Six-Factor Model, 229 Cross-cultural Research: Are the Big Five Dimensions Universal?, 229 Contemporary Developments in Trait Theory: Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory, 234 The Case of Jim--Factor-Analytic Trait-Based Assessment, 240 The Person-Situation Controversy, 243 Critical Evaluation, 245 Major Concepts, 249 Review, 249 9 Behaviorism and The Learning Approaches To Personality 251 Behaviorism's View of the Person, 254 Behaviorism's View of the Science of Personality, 254 Watson, Pavlov, and Classical Conditioning, 258 Skinner's Theory of Operant Conditioning, 268 Critical Evaluation, 278 Major Concepts, 281 Review, 281 10 A Cognitive Theory: George A. Kelly's Personal Construct Theory of Personality 282 George A. Kelly (1905-1966): A View of the Theorist, 285 Kelly's View of the Science of Personality, 286 Kelly's View of the Person, 287 The Personality Theory of George A. Kelly, 288 Clinical Applications, 301 The Case of Jim, 304 Related Points of View and Recent Developments, 305 Critical Evaluation, 306 Major Concepts, 310 Review, 310 11 Social-Cognitive Theory: Bandura and Mischel 311 Relating Social-Cognitive Theory to Historically Prior Theories, 312 A View of the Theorists, 313 Social-Cognitive Theory's View of the Person, 316 Social-Cognitive Theory's View of the Science of Personality, 317 Social-Cognitive Theory of Personality: Structure, 317 Social-Cognitive Theory of Personality: Process, 325 Social-Cognitive Theory of Growth and Development, 329 Major Concepts, 341 Review, 341 12 Social-Cognitive Theory: Applications, Related Theoretical Conceptions, and Contemporary Developments 342 Beliefs About the Self and Self-Schemas, 344 Standards of Evaluation and Self-Discrepancies, 352 Contemporary Developments in Personality Theory: The KAPA Model, 354 Clinical Applications, 361 Stress, Coping, and Cognitive Therapy, 366 The Case of Jim, 370 Critical Evaluation, 372 Major Concepts, 375 Review, 375 13 Culture, Interpersonal Relations, and the Social Foundations of Personality and Its Development 376 Persons in Cultures, 378 Broad Cultural Differences: Western and Eastern Views of Self, 385 Societies within Cultures: Social Practices and Personality Development, 389 Personality Development in Socioeconomic Context, 393 Personality Functioning Across the Life Span, 396 Interpersonal Relationships, 398 Putting Personality in Context into Practice, 404 Summary, 409 Major Concepts, 409 Review, 409 14 Genes, Brains, and Biological Bases of Personality and its Development 411 This illustration shows the location through which an iron rod blasted through the frontal cortex of Phineas Gage--who survived the accident but experienced a profound change in his personality., 412 Temperament, 413 Evolution, Evolutionary Psychology, and Personality, 436 Mood, Emotion, and the Brain, 446 Plasticity: Biology as Both Cause and Effect, 451 Neuroscientific Investigations of "Higher-Level" Psychological Functions, 452 Summary, 453 Major Concepts, 453 Review, 453 15 Assessing Personality Theory and Research 455 The Personality Theories: Similarities, Differences, and Integration, 456 What an Integrative Theory Might Look Like, 460 How Did They Do? A Critical Evaluation of the Personality Theories and Their Research, 461 A Final Summing Up: Theories as Toolkits, 466 Review, 467 Glossary G-1 References R-1 Author Index I-1 Subject Index I-00