PART I INTRODUCTION 1 Life, Cells, and Thermodynamics 1 2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Water 22 PART II BIOMOLECULES 3 Overview of DNA Structure, Function, and Engineering 40 4 Amino Acids: the Building Blocks of Proteins 76 5 Polypeptide Sequences, Analysis, and Evolution 93 6 Protein Structure and Folding 127 7 Physiological Activities of Proteins 176 8 Saccharide Chemistry 217 9 Lipids, Bilayer, and Membranes 241 10 Passive and Active Transport 288 PART III ENZYMES 11 Mechanisms of Enzyme Action 315 12 Properties of Enzymes 355 13 Hormones and Signal Transduction 396 PART IV METABOLISM 14 Bioenergetics 436 15 Glycolysis and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway 472 16 Additional Pathways in Carbohydrate Metabolism 517 17 The Citric Acid Cycle 551 18 Mitochondrial ATP Synthesis 581 19 Photosynthesis 623 20 Synthesis and Degradation of Lipids 657 21 Synthesis and Degradation of Amino Acids 712 22 Regulation of Fuel Metabolism 767 PART V GENE EXPRESSION AND REPLICATION 23 Nucleotide Synthesis and Degradation 793 24 DNA Structure and Interactions with Proteins 821 25 DNA Synthesis and Repair 867 26 RNA Metabolism 919 27 The Genetic Code and Translation 962 28 Gene Expression in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 1013 Solutions to Odd-Numbered Problems SP-1 Glossary G-1 Index I-1