This book presents the importance of the mechanism of hairpin vortex formation to understanding flow transition, turbulence, and flow control. This book blends direct numerical simulation (DNS) and mathematical analysis with experiments to create a foundation for understanding turbulence. The authors discuss hairpin vortex as a main component of transitional flow and turbulent flow. In addition, Liutex is utilized and described as a theoretical system that presents valid tools for turbulence research. Readers are exposed to understanding 3D and non-linear instability; the Lambda vortex formation; sweeps, ejections, and shear instability; the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and vortex ring formation; and turbulence generation and sustenance.

Provides a systematic mechanism of hairpin vortex formation and discusses Liutex as a new vortex definition Presents hairpin vortex as a building block of transitional and low-Reynolds number turbulent flow Utilizes the hairpin vortex formation to understand flow transition, turbulence structure, and turbulent flow control

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