This book explores human biomonitoring (HBM) as a method to evaluate chemical exposure and its related health effects, with a specific focus on environmental and industrial chemicals. This volume, together with its companion “Human Biomonitoring I: Levels and Toxicokinetics of Short Half-life Chemicals and Mycotoxins in Blood, Urine and Breast Milk” provides a thorough overview of the presence of chemicals in human samples, including blood, urine, and breast milk. The chapters in this book cover a wide range of substances, including pesticides, polychlorinated and polybrominated compounds, polycyclic aromatic compounds, metals and elements, perfluorinated and polyfluorinated compounds, flame retardants, and other industrial chemicals, including microplastics. Each chapter provides a toxicological perspective, detailing the chemical and physical properties, usage patterns, and biological behavior of these substances in human matrices. Together with its companion volume, both books are essential resources for researchers, scholars, and professionals in environmental health, toxicology, public health, and regulatory science. With extensive tables, figures, and reference data, both books support informed decision-making and provide practical insights into risk assessment and chemical safety in everyday life.