1. The Chemical World
   • 1.1 Sand and Water
   • 1.2 Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things
   • 1.3 The Scientific Method: How Chemists Think
   • 1.4 Analyzing and Interpreting Data
   • 1.5 A Beginning Chemist: How to Succeed
2. Measurement and Problem Solving
   • 2.1 The Metric Mix-up: A $125 Million Unit Error
   • 2.2 Scientific Notation: Writing Large and Small Numbers
   • 2.3 Significant Figures: Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision
   • 2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations
   • 2.5 The Basic Units of Measurement
   • 2.6 Problem Solving and Unit Conversion
   • 2.7 Solving Multistep Unit Conversion Problems
   • 2.8 Unit Conversion in Both the Numerator and Denominator
   • 2.9 Units Raised to a Power
   • 2.10 Density
   • 2.11 Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map
3. Matter and Energy
   • 3.1 In Your Room
   • 3.2 What Is Matter?
   • 3.3 Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas
   • 3.4 Classifying Matter According to Its Composition: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
   • 3.5 Differences in Matter: Physical and Chemical Properties
   • 3.6 Changes in Matter: Physical and Chemical Changes
   • 3.7 Conservation of Mass: There Is No New Matter
   • 3.8 Energy
   • 3.9 Energy and Chemical and Physical Change
   • 3.10 Temperature: Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms
   • 3.11 Temperature Changes: Heat Capacity
   • 3.12 Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations
4. Atoms and Elements
   • 4.1 Experiencing Atoms at Tiburon
   • 4.2 Indivisible: The Atomic Theory
   • 4.3 The Nuclear Atom
   • 4.4 The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
   • 4.5 Elements: Defined by Their Numbers of Protons
   • 4.6 Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
   • 4.7 Ions: Losing and Gaining Electrons
   • 4.8 Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies
   • 4.9 Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Element’s Atoms
5. Molecules and Compounds
   • 5.1 Sugar and Salt
   • 5.2 Compounds Display Constant Composition
   • 5.3 Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds
   • 5.4 A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds
   • 5.5 Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds
   • 5.6 Nomenclature: Naming Compounds
   • 5.7 Naming Ionic Compounds
   • 5.8 Naming Molecular Compounds
   • 5.9 Naming Acids
   • 5.10 Nomenclature Summary
   • 5.11 Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit
6. Chemical Composition
   • 6.1 How Much Sodium?
   • 6.2 Counting Nails by the Pound
   • 6.3 Counting Atoms by the Gram
   • 6.4 Counting Molecules by the Gram
   • 6.5 Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors
   • 6.6 Mass Percent Composition of Compounds
   • 6.7 Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula
   • 6.8 Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds
   • 6.9 Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds
7. Chemical Reactions
   • 7.1 Grade School Volcanoes, Automobiles, and Laundry Detergents
   • 7.2 Evidence of a Chemical Reaction
   • 7.3 The Chemical Equation
   • 7.4 How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations
   • 7.5 Aqueous Solutions and Solubility: Compounds Dissolved in Water
   • 7.6 Precipitation Reactions: Reactions in Aqueous Solution That Form a Solid
   • 7.7 Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution: Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations
   • 7.8 Acid—Base and Gas Evolution Reactions
   • 7.9 Oxidation—Reduction Reactions
   • 7.10 Classifying Chemical Reactions
8. Quantities in Chemical Reactions
   • 8.1 Climate Change: Too Much Carbon Dioxide
   • 8.2 Making Pancakes: Relationships between Ingredients
   • 8.3 Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions
   • 8.4 Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions
   • 8.5 More Pancakes: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield
   • 8.6 Limiting Reactant[JJ2] , Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants
   • 8.7 Enthalpy: A Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed in a Reaction
9. Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table
   • 9.1 Blimps, Balloons, and Models of the Atom
   • 9.2 Light: Electromagnetic Radiation
   • 9.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
   • 9.4 The Bohr Model: Atoms with Orbits
   • 9.5 The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals
   • 9.6 Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations
   • 9.7 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
   • 9.8 The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model
   • 9.9 Periodic Trends: Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Metallic Character
10. Chemical Bonding
    • 10.1 Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs
    • 10.2 Representing Valence Electrons with Dots
    • 10.3 Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred
    • 10.4 Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared
    • 10.5 Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds
    • 10.6 Resonance: Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule
    • 10.7 Predicting the Shapes of Molecules
    • 10.8 Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Don’t Mix
11. Gases
    • 11.1 Extra-Long Straws
    • 11.2 Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases
    • 11.3 Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions
    • 11.4 Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume
    • 11.5 Charles’s Law: Volume and Temperature
    • 11.6 The Combined Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature
    • 11.7 Avogadro’s Law: Volume and Moles
    • 11.8 The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Moles
    • 11.9 Mixtures of Gases
    • 11.10 Gases in Chemical Reactions
12. Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces
    • 12.1 Spherical Water
    • 12.2 Properties of Liquids and Solids
    • 12.3 Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension and Viscosity
    • 12.4 Evaporation and Condensation
    • 12.5 Melting, Freezing, and Sublimation
    • 12.6 Types of Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion, Dipole—Dipole, Hydrogen Bonding, and Ion—Dipole
    • 12.7 Types of Crystalline Solids: Molecular, Ionic, and Atomic
    • 12.8 Water: A Remarkable Molecule
13. Solutions
    • 13.1 Tragedy in Cameroon
    • 13.2 Solutions: Homogeneous Mixtures
    • 13.3 Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy
    • 13.4 Solutions of Gases in Water: How Soda Pop Gets Its Fizz
    • 13.5 Specifying Solution Concentration: Mass Percent
    • 13.6 Specifying Solution Concentration: Molarity
    • 13.7 Solution Dilution
    • 13.8 Solution Stoichiometry
    • 13.9 Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation: Making Water Freeze Colder and Boil Hotter
    • 13.10 Osmosis: Why Drinking Saltwater Causes Dehydration
14. Acids and Bases
    • 14.1 Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies
    • 14.2 Acids: Properties and Examples
    • 14.3 Bases: Properties and Examples
    • 14.4 Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases
    • 14.5 Reactions of Acids and Bases
    • 14.6 Acid—Base Titration: A Way to Quantify the Amount of Acid or Base in a Solution
    • 14.7 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
    • 14.8 Water: Acid and Base in One
    • 14.9 The pH and pOH Scales: Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity
    • 14.10 Buffers: Solutions That Resist pH Change
15. Chemical Equilibrium
    • 15.1 Life: Controlled Disequilibrium
    • 15.2 The Rate of a Chemical Reaction
    • 15.3 The Idea of Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium
    • 15.4 The Equilibrium Constant: A Measure of How Far a Reaction Goes
    • 15.5 Heterogeneous Equilibria: The Equilibrium Expression for Reactions Involving a Solid or a Liquid
    • 15.6 Calculating and Using Equilibrium Constants
    • 15.7 Disturbing a Reaction at Equilibrium: Le Châtelier’s Principle
    • 15.8 The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium
    • 15.9 The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium
    • 15.10 The Effect of a Temperature Change on Equilibrium
    • 15.11 The Solubility-Product Constant
    • 15.12 The Path of a Reaction and the Effect of a Catalyst
16. Oxidation and Reduction
    • 16.1 The End of the Internal Combustion Engine?
    • 16.2 Oxidation and Reduction: Some Definitions
    • 16.3 Oxidation States: Electron Bookkeeping
    • 16.4 Balancing Redox Equations
    • 16.5 The Activity Series: Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions[JJ3]
    • 16.6 Batteries: Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity
    • 16.7 Electrolysis: Using Electricity to Do Chemistry
    • 16.8 Corrosion: Undesirable Redox Reactions
17. Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry
    • 17.1 Diagnosing Appendicitis
    • 17.2 The Discovery of Radioactivity
    • 17.3 Types of Radioactivity: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay
    • 17.4 Detecting Radioactivity
    • 17.5 Natural Radioactivity and Half-Life
    • 17.6 Radiocarbon Dating: Using Radioactivity to Measure the Age of Fossils and Other Artifacts
    • 17.7 The Discovery of Fission and the Atomic Bomb
    • 17.8 Nuclear Power: Using Fission to Generate Electricity
    • 17.9 Nuclear Fusion: The Power of the Sun
    • 17.10 The Effects of Radiation on Life
    • 17.11 Radioactivity in Medicine
18. Organic Chemistry
    • 18.1 What Do I Smell?
    • 18.2 Vitalism: The Difference between Organic and Inorganic
    • 18.3 Carbon: A Versatile Atom
    • 18.4 Hydrocarbons: Compounds Containing Only Carbon and Hydrogen
    • 18.5 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons
    • 18.6 Isomers: Same Formula, Different Structure
    • 18.7 Naming Alkanes
    • 18.8 Alkenes and Alkynes
    • 18.9 Hydrocarbon Reactions
    • 18.10 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
    • 18.11 Functional Groups
    • 18.12 Alcohols
    • 18.13 Ethers
    • 18.14 Aldehydes and Ketones
    • 18.15 Carboxylic Acids and Esters
    • 18.16 Amines
    • 18.17 Polymers
19. Biochemistry
    • 19.1 The Human Genome Project
    • 19.2 The Cell and Its Main Chemical Components
    • 19.3 Carbohydrates: Sugar, Starch, and Fiber
    • 19.4 Lipids
    • 19.5 Proteins
    • 19.6 Protein Structure
    • 19.7 Nucleic Acids: Molecular Blueprints
    • 19.8 DNA Structure, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis

About the Book

Builds Twenty-First Century Skills

• NEW! Data Interpretation and Analysis, a new category of end- of- chapter questions has been added to each chapter.  These questions present actual data from real-life situations and ask students to analyze and interpret that data. They are designed to give students much- needed practice in reading graphs, understanding tables, and making data-driven decisions.
• A new section (Section 1.4) introduces these skills and emphasizes their importance in student success.

Enables deep conceptual understanding

• NEW! 13 new Conceptual Checkpoint questions have been added throughout the book. Conceptual Checkpoints reinforce conceptual understanding of the most complex material. Strategically located throughout each chapter, they prompt students to think about concepts and solve problems without doing any math. Answers and explanations appear at the end of each chapter.
• Key Learning Outcomes correlate to the Chemical Skills and Examples in the end-of-chapter material and to the content within Mastering ^™  Chemistry. Each section in every chapter (after the introductory sections) includes at least one learning outcome summarizing the key learning objective to help students focus and assess their progress.
• Self-Assessment Quizzes at the end of each chapter provide opportunities for students to assess what they’ve learned. Each quiz consists of 10—15 multiple-choice questions similar to those found on standard exams.
• Multipart molecular images depicted through Macroscopic, Microscopic, and Symbolic perspectives enable students to better visualize, and thus understand, chemistry.
• • Multipart images help students to see the relationships among the formulas they write down on paper (symbolic), the world they see around them (macroscopic), and the atoms and molecules that compose that world (molecular).
  • Abundant molecular-level views reveal the connections between everyday processes visible to the eye and the activities of atoms and molecules.
  • Extensive labels and annotations for each illustration direct students to key elements in the art and help them to fully understand the processes depicted.
• REVISED! The art program has been further refined and improved, making the visual impact sharper and more targeted for student learning. The art program has been modified to move information from the captions and into the art itself. This allows relevant information to be placed right where it is most needed and makes the art a more accessible study and review tool.

Fosters development of problem-solving skills

• NEW! 39 Interactive Worked Examples instruct students how to break down problems using Tro’s “Sort, Strategize, Solve, and Check” technique in an interactive, digital format. These problems are incorporated in Mastering Chemistry as assignable activities and are embedded in eText 2.0
• In the ‘Strategize’ step for many examples, students are prompted to draw a solution map for the problem. Students learn  how to use conversion factors and equations to outline the steps needed to get from the given to the unknown.
• Examples are presented in formats that foster problem-solving skills and enable understanding.
• • All but the simplest examples are presented in a two-column format. The left column acts as the instructor’s vo

About the Book

• 13 New Conceptual Checkpoint questions have been added throughout the book. Conceptual Checkpoints reinforce conceptual understanding of the most complex material. Strategically located throughout each chapter, they prompt students to think about concepts and solve problems without doing any math. Answers and explanations appear at the end of each chapter.
• REVISED! The art program has been further refined and improved, making the visual impact sharper and more targeted for student learning. The art program has been modified to move information from the captions and into the art itself. This allows relevant information to be placed right where it is most needed and makes the art a more accessible study and review tool.
• Data Interpretation and Analysis, a new category of end- of- chapter questions has been added to each chapter.  These questions present actual data from real-life situations and ask students to analyze and interpret that data. They are designed to give students much- needed practice in reading graphs, understanding tables, and making data-driven decisions.
• 39 Interactive Worked Examples instruct students how to break down problems using Tro’s “Sort, Strategize, Solve, and Check” technique in an interactive, digital format. These problems are incorporated in Mastering ^™  Chemistry as assignable activities and are embedded in eText 2.0
• UPDATED! The data throughout the book has been updated to reflect the most recent measurements and developments available.
• • For example, the half-life of Carbon-14 has been changed to 5715 years in Table 17.2 and throughout Chapter 17 to reflect the current accepted value and new information has been added about thermoluminescent dosimeters in Section 17.4.
  • Other updates include changes made to Figure 8.2 Climate Change, Section 10.1 Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs, Table 11.5 Changes in Pollutant Levels for Major U.S. Cities, 1980–2014, The Chemistry in the Environment box in Section 12.8 Water: A Remarkable Molecule, and Section 17.8 Nuclear Power: Using Fission to Generate Electricity.
• UPDATED! Several chapter-opening sections (and/or the corresponding art), including Sections 1.1, 2.1, 12.1, and 16.1, have been replaced or significantly modified.
• A new section (Section 2.8), new example (Example 2.12), and new end-of-chapter problems address conversions involving quantities with combined units, such as mL/kg or km/hr.
• Temporary symbols for elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 (Uut, Uup, Uus, and Uuo, respectively) have been added to all periodic tables.
• REVISED! Text in all chapters has been edited for clarity and to limit use of passive voice and extraneous words and phrases.

Also available with Mastering Chemistry.

Mastering ^™  Chemistry from Pearson is the leading online homework, tutorial, and assessment system, designed to improve results by engaging students with powerful content. Instructors ensure students arrive ready to learn by assigning educationally effective content and encourage critical thinking and retention with in-class resources such as Learning Catalytics^™.  Students can further master concepts through homework assignments that provide hints and answer-specific feedback. The Mastering^™ gradebook records scores for all automatically graded assignments in one place, while diagnostic tools give instructors access to rich data to assess student understanding and misconceptions.

• 12 New Key Concept Videos bring the total numbe