This volume contains the proceedings of the AMS Special Session on Orthogonal Polynomials and their Applications, held January 4-7, 2023, in Boston as part of the Joint Mathematics Meetings. Orthogonal polynomials are classical objects with important connections to many areas of mathematics, such as approximation theory, integrable systems, and mathematical physics. This volume reflects the wide variety of topics of current interest in the orthogonal polynomial community. Specific topics appearing in this volume include exceptional orthogonal polynomials, non-Hermitian orthogonal polynomials, multiple orthogonal polynomials, and applications to numerical linear algebra and integrable probability.