In Foundations of Inquiry, Guoping Zhao and Lucy E. Bailey consider paradigms and how they connect to methodologies. The authors explore a rich body of paradigms (historical and contemporary) and how they form, support, and justify different methodologies and connect to designing and carrying out research.

Introduction and Overview Acknowledgments About the Authors Part I Chapter 1: The Legacy of Positivism in Social Research Origins and Development of Positivism Positivism and Empirical Research: Embedded Assumptions & Guiding Beliefs Critique and Fall from Prominence Positivist Legacy Review Questions and Prompts Chapter 2: Post-Positivism The Rise of Post-Positivism Post-Positivism as a Paradigm Implications for Methodology Discussion Examples of Post-Positivist Research Review Questions and Prompts Part II Chapter 3: General Interpretivism The Rise of General Interpretivism The Interpretivist Turn and Constructionist Philosophy General Interpretivism as a Paradigm Discussion Implications for methodology Examples of Interpretivist Research Review Questions and Prompts Chapter 4: Phenomenology Husserl’s Transcendental Phenomenology Martin Heidegger’s Hermeneutical Phenomenology Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s Existential Phenomenology Phenomenology as Philosophical Reflection Method Phenomenology as a Paradigm for the Social Sciences Discussion Implications for Methodology Examples of Phenomenological Inquiry Review Questions and Prompts Chapter 5: Hermeneutics Modern Hermeneutics Hermeneutics as a Paradigm for Social Research Discussion Methodological Implications Examples of Hermeneutic Study Review Questions and Prompts Chapter 6: Symbolic Interactionism The Rise of Sociology and the Chicago School Symbolic Interactionism as a Paradigm Methodological Alignment With SI: Ethnography Discussion Implications for Methodology Examples of Symbolic Interactionism Research Review Questions and Prompts Part III Chapter 7: Critical Theory Prelude: Marx and the Critical Perspective The Rise of Western Marxism and the Frankfurt School Critical Theory Critical Theory as a Paradigm Implications for Methodology: Critical Inquiry Discussion Examples of Critical Inquiry Review Questions and Prompts Chapter 8: Critical Race Theory History, Development, and Responses Core Propositions of CRT CRT as a Paradigm Implications for Methodology: CRT’s Methodological Innovations Discussion Examples of and Resources for Critical Race Studies Review Questions and Prompts Chapter 9: Feminism The Feminist Movement and the Rise of Feminist Epistemology Feminist Perspective Feminist Perspective as A Paradigm Implications for Methodology: Feminist Research Discussion Examples of Feminist Research Review Questions and Prompts Chapter 10: Philosophical Grounding for Mixed Methods Research The Rise of Mixed Methods Research The Struggle for Philosophical Justification: The Paradigmatic Stances The Struggle for Philosophical Justification: Paradigms for MMR Discussion: The Current State of MMR Examples of Mixed Methods Research Review Questions and Prompts Part IV Chapter 11: Post-Structuralism The Development of Poststructuralism Diverse Components of Poststructuralism Poststructuralism as a Paradigm Discussion Implications for Methodology Examples of Poststructuralist Research Review Questions and Prompts Chapter 12: Indigenous Paradigms Indigenous Worldviews and Ways of Knowing The Legacy of Colonization and the Decolonizing Inquiry Practices The Emergence of Indigenous Paradigms Implications for Methodology Discussion Examples of Research Approaches that Honor and Exemplify Indigenous Ways of Knowing and Commitments Questions References Index