The YWCA arrived in China as a cultural interloper in 1899. How did activist Christian women maintain their identity and social relevance through the tumultuous first half of the twentieth century? The YWCA in China explores how the Young Women’s Christian Association responded to the needs of Chinese women and society both before and after the 1949 revolution ushered in a communist state. Western secretaries defined the Chinese YWCA movement in its formative years, but an emphasis on developing homegrown direction eventually empowered Chinese women. Successive generations of leadership then localized a Western-defined organizational ethos. Over time, "the Y" became class conscious and progressive as Chinese leaders transformed it from a vehicle for moral and material uplift to an instrument for Christian-inspired social action. The Sino-Japanese War of 1937–45 provided a catalyst for commitment to the Chinese nation state. And after 1949, national YWCA leaders supported the Maoist regime because they believed the social goals of the YWCA aligned with Mao’s revolutionary aims. The YWCA in China is a fascinating investigation of the lives, thinking, and action of women whose individual and varied forms of Christian and Chinese identity were buffeted by historical events that moulded their social philosophies.