1 Biology and Its Themes Inquiring About Life Concept 1.1 The study of life reveals unifying themes Concept 1.2 The Core Theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life Concept 1.3 In studying nature, scientists make observations and form and test hypotheses Concept 1.4 Science benefits from a cooperative approach and diverse viewpoints Unit 1 THE ROLE OF CHEMISTRY IN BIOLOGY 2 Atoms and Molecules A Chemical Connection to Biology Concept 2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds Concept 2.2 An element's properties depend on the structure of its atoms Concept 2.3 The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms Concept 2.4 Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds 3 The Chemistry of Water The Molecule That Supports All of Life Concept 3.1 Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding Concept 3.2 Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth's suitability for life Concept 3.3 Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms 4 Carbon: The Basis of Molecular Diversity Carbon: The Backbone of Life Concept 4.1 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds Concept 4.2 Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms Concept 4.3 A few chemical groups are key to molecular function 5 Biological Macromolecules and Lipids The Molecules of Life Concept 5.1 Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers Concept 5.2 Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material Concept 5.3 Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules Concept 5.4 Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions Concept 5.5 Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information Concept 5.6 Genomics and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and applications 6 Energy and Life The Energy of Life Concept 6.1 An organism's metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics Concept 6.2 The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontaneously Concept 6.3 ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions Concept 6.4 Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers Concept 6.5 Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism Unit 2 Cell biology 7 Cell Structure and Function The Fundamental Units of Life Concept 7.1 Biologists use microscopes and biochemistry to study cells Concept 7.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions Concept 7.3 The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes Concept 7.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions Concept 7.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another Concept 7.6 The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell Concept 7.7 Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities Concept 7.8 A cell is greater than the sum of its parts